Relative frequency of reproductive abnormalities in a natural population of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zambia

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Madubunyi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Regular Feature ◽  
Egg Retention ◽  
Tsetse Population ◽  
Game Reserve ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Ovarian Cycles

AbstractDissection of 2337 female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw., collected over an 11-month period (118–420 per month) from a game reserve in Zambia, revealed that abortion is a regular feature of tsetse reproductive biology and apparently the most frequent reproductive abnormality in the tsetse population. It occurred among ifies in all ovarian cycles from 1 to 7+4n (minimum age 10–80 days) and apparently involved all pregnancy stages. Neither follicular degeneration nor egg retention was encountered, suggesting that these particular reproductive abnormalities are infrequent in nature.

Resting sites of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera, Glossinidae) during the dry season in the Republic of Zambia

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Okiwelu
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Resting Sites ◽  
Site Preferences ◽  
Game Reserve ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Republic

AbstractResting site preferences of adult Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw., the dominant species in the Republic of Zambia, were observed during the cool (May–August) and hot (September–October) dry seasons in 1974 at the Chakwenga Game Reserve. Tanglefoot was used to trap resting flies on boles, branches, bushes (undergrowth), canopies, fallen logs and in ant-bear holes.All resting flies were collected below 4 m and there was an inverse relationship between numbers of resting flies and height of resting sites on boles, branches and canopies. Most flies were collected betwen 06.00 and 09.00 h, except in ant-bear holes, where no flies were found. No significant differences existed between numbers of flies collected from the four cardinal positions on boles. Although more flies were found on shaded than unshaded fallen logs and bushes, the differences were only statistically significant for fallen logs. Numbers of flies on various tree species were generally not significantly different. Boles, bushes and fallen logs were the most preferred sites.

A field trial of pyriproxyfen-treated targets as an alternative method for controlling tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hargrove ◽  
P. A. Langley
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Technical Problem ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Tsetse Population ◽  
Hot Dry Season ◽  
Juvenile Hormone Mimic

AbstractA juvenile hormone mimic (pyriproxyfen) was used with odour-baited targets to assess its suitability for controlling tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). In August 1991, 41 odour-baited targets identical to those used with insecticide in tsetse control operations, were each treated with 4 g of pyriproxyfen and deployed near Rekomitjie Research Station, Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe, in a 12.3 km2 block of woodland habitat of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. After three months, emergence rates from puparia of the two species collected in the block fell to 34% and 20% of control levels; 50 and 70%, respectively, of puparia of the two species collected were found, on dissection, to show arrested development. Changes in mean ovarian age and wing-fray category in the tsetse population during the trial were due partially to the pyriproxyfen and partially to high mortality, in the larval/pupal stages and in young adult flies, which occurs each year in the hot/dry season. Chemical analysis of cloth samples indicated that after four months 68–85% of the pyriproxyfen had been lost, a large proportion apparently dripping off the bottom of the target. If the technical problem of persistence can be solved pyriproxyfen could substitute for pesticides in target-based tsetse control operations.

The construction of a life-table for Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) from seasonal age-measurements of a wild population

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Life Table ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Population ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Age Structures

AbstractSamples of female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. were collected in the Zambesi Valley in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia using an electric net and aged using the overian ageing technique. Similar age-structures were demonstrated in the four seasons studied, and the life-table constructed on the basis of the reproductively active members of the population indicates that females produce more than two female offspring in a lifetime. The tsetse population is considered to be regulated by the survival of the newly emerged teneral flies and non-teneral nullipars. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) is calculated from the life-table as 0·01204 for the reproductively active sector of the population.

The effects of selective elimination of hosts on a population of tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera, Glossinidae))

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale ◽  
D. H. M. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Nutritional State ◽  
Control Population ◽  
Population Movement ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Population ◽  
Selective Elimination ◽  
Drastic Effect ◽  
Game Animals

AbstractMonthly observations were made of the numbers and nutritional state of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and the numbers of game animals in an 11 km2 block of woodland in Rhodesia. After 31 months the block was enclosed by a warthog-proof fence and nearly all of the warthog inside were removed rapidly. Tsetse diet switched from 80% warthog to 40–80% bovid (mainly kudu), 20–50% elephant and 0–20% warthog. Six months later elephants were driven from the block and bovids then formed about 90% of tsetse diet for the next year. Although the selective removal of hosts produced a clear stress, it had no drastic effect on the numbers and nutritional state of tsetse when compared to these features of a control population. Movement of tsetse into the enclosed area can account partly, but not fully, for this. The effects of routine hunting operations on a tsetse population are also reported.

Digestive processes of haematophagous insects. XII. Secretion of trypsin and carboxypeptidase B by Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Carboxypeptidase B ◽  
Positive Correlation

There was a significant positive correlation between protein content and the amounts of trypsin and carboxypeptidase B (CPB) in the digestive portion of the midgut of Glossina morsitans morsitans, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after feeding on a rabbit. CPB and trypsin activity were also positively correlated. Trypsin and CPB production were stimulated, to varying degrees, by bovine serum albumin (BSA), α-globulin, β-globulin, γ-globulin, and haemoglobin; the greatest response was to BSA. Peptides derived from BSA by trypsin cleavage also stimulated production of trypsin and CPB.

Turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
W G Evans ◽  
R H Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Upwind Flight ◽  
Moist Heat ◽  
Heated Air

The roles and interactions of turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide in mediating upwind flight of adult tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood) were investigated using a wind tunnel in a constant-environment chamber. Heat fluctuations in the plume that were detected by a thermocouple and displayed as oscilloscope traces allowed direct visualization of the structures of the plumes. Significantly more flies flew upwind when exposed to plumes of (i) carbon dioxide (0.0051% above background) and air (58% relative humidity) compared with air alone; (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air (35% relative humidity and temperature fluctuating up to 0.09°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and air; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist (82% relative humidity) heated air (temperature fluctuating up to 0.05°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and heated air. However, there were no significant differences in upwind flight of flies exposed to plumes of (i) air compared with humidified air (65% relative humidity); (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air compared with heated air alone; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist heated air compared with moist heated air alone. Recorded temperature fluctuations in heat plumes transported downwind from a tethered steer in a pasture showed patterns similar to those produced in the wind-tunnel plumes. These results suggest that host emissions of carbon dioxide alone and combined heat and moisture carried downwind by low-velocity winds elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies, which distinguish these emissions from a background of lower atmospheric levels.

Trypanosome infections and survival in tsetse

Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 116 (S1) ◽  
pp. S23-S28 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Maudlin ◽  
S. C. Welburn ◽  
P. J. M. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Differential Effects

SummaryThe effect of trypanosome infection on vector survival was observed in a line of Glossina morsitans morsitans selected for susceptibility to trypanosome infection. The differential effects of midgut and salivary gland infections on survival were examined by exposing flies to infection with either Trypanosoma congolense which colonizes midgut and mouthparts or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense which colonizes midgut and salivary glands. A comparison of the survival distributions of uninfected flies with those exposed to infection showed that salivary gland infection significantly reduces tsetse survival; midgut infection had little or no effect on the survival of tsetse. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the vectorial capacity of wild flies.

Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited trees

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Model Trees ◽  
Clear Effect

AbstractField studies in Zimbabwe elucidated how trees might be enhanced as baits for controlling Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. Catches from electrocuting devices at the bases of trees were near nil when sampling tsetse flies landing on the trunk but much greater when sampling them flying within 1 m of the trunk. Catches increased 5–8 times when 2 m2 of the trunk were blackened and given odour of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-n-propyl phenol and 4-methyl phenol, but were still only ca. 30% of the catches from an odour-baited, free-standing, 1 × 1 m screen of black cloth. The upright trunk of real and model trees hindered their attractiveness but leaves and branches 5 m above ground had no clear effect. Real and artificial stumps of trees were as effective as the screen if they were 1 m2, compact and sharply outlined. The practical and biological implications of the results are discussed, with particular reference to the use of insecticide-treated netting with modified tree stumps as baits for control.

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