The relative attractiveness of donkeys, cattle, sheep and goats to Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Eiptera: Glossinidae) in a middle-veld area of Rhodesia

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Boyt ◽  
P. K. I. MacKenzie ◽  
R. D. Pilson
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Relative Attractiveness ◽  
Grazing Area ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Blood Meals

AbstractThe comparative attractiveness to Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. of donkeys, cattle, sheep and goats in the presence of wild game was examined during two investigations in a middle-veld area of Rhodesia. Host preferences were assessed by the identification of blood-meals collected in the grazing area. Both cattle and donkeys provided a high proportion of the diet. Sheep and particularly goats were fed upon to a minor degree. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to tsetse control.

The relative attractiveness of cattle, sheep and goats to Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the Zambesi Valley of Rhodesia

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Pilson ◽  
W. P. Boyt ◽  
P. K. I. MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Repellent Effect ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Relative Attractiveness ◽  
The Difference

AbstractA series of investigations was conducted to evaluate the comparative attractiveness of cattle, sheep and goats to Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. in the Zambesi Valley, Rhodesia. It was shown that cattle are subjected to in excess of three times the challenge by male G. m. morsitans than either sheep or goats. Due to the repellent effect of man's presence on the attraction and feeding of female G. m. morsitansand both male and female G. pallidipes on the bait animals, no rational relationship could be postulated for them. Possible factors accounting for the difference of attractiveness between the three bait species are discussed.

Sterilising effects of benzyl-l,3-benzodioxoles on the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A Langley ◽  
M. A Trewern ◽  
L. Jurd
Keyword(s):  
Topical Application ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Mature Oocyte ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Female Survival ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Blood Meals ◽  
Contact Insecticides

AbstractThree benzyl-l,3-benzodioxoles and three benzylphenols were tested for their ability to sterilise Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. following topical application in acetone. Two of the former compounds, 5-ethoxy-6- (4-methoxyphenylmethyl)-l,3-benzodioxole and 5-ethoxy-6-[l-(4-meth-oxyphenyl)ethyl]-l,3-benzodioxole, caused total sterility in females at a dose of 10 μg per fly, and remained effective even after one year's storage at 4°C. Dose-fecundity data indicate a reduction to 50% fecundity (ED50) was achieved with 2·5 μg of the former or 0·5 μg of the latter per fly. An ED90 of 8·5 μg and 2·5 μg, respectively, is indicated. The latter compound reduced the survival of treated females and males and surviving males were incapable of inseminating even though copulation appeared normal. The effects on female survival and fecundity, of feeding the compounds at 0·25 and 1·0% in blood, were variable, owing to their low solubility and variations in the size of blood-meals. The highest doses of the former compound led to ovarian atrophy in females, which can be described as an effect on fecundity. Lower doses induced sterility through egg death and atrophy after ovulation. The latter compound acted more rapidly than the former, preventing ovulation of the first mature oocyte in a higher proportion of flies. The activity of these compounds, which were derived by modification of plant materials, and are non-mutagenic, renders them likely candidates for evaluation as contact insecticides for Glossina in the field.

The improvement of traps for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Biconical Trap ◽  
Probability Of Capture

AbstractBased on previous studies of the trap-orientated behaviour of Diptera, a variety of new traps was designed to maximise the speed and probability of capturing Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. arriving near traps, and to minimise the probability of capturing other flies. In Zimbabwe, catches were made with these traps in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide and acetone as odour attractants, leading to the identification of a simple trap for which the probability of capturing Glossina spp. was up to twice as great as it was for a standard biconi-cal trap, and for which the probability of capturing other Diptera was very much less than it was for the biconical trap. The probability of capture by the simple trap was 100% for G. pallidipes, 51% for G. m. morsitans, 6% for Stomoxyinae and 1% for non-biting Muscidae. Half the tsetse that arrived near the simple trap were captured within 5 min of arrival. The number of tsetse that contacted simple targets designed to expose flies to insecticide amounted to 32–263% of the catches of a biconical trap. The use of traps and targets for tsetse control, and the procedures for trap improvement, are discussed.

Cyclical transmission of pathogenic Trypanosoma species by gamma-irradiated sterile male Glossina morsitans morsitans

Parasitology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Moloo
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Sterile Male ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Gamma Irradiated

SUMMARYInvestigations were conducted on the infection rates and transmission charecteristics of sterile male Glossina morsitans morsitans for Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei. Pupae were irradiated after the first flush of female emergences with 7, 10 or 13 krad. in a 137caesium radiation source under ambient conditions. The emergent males were fed on a T. viuax-infected goat at peak parasitaemia. They were subsequently mated at 8 days old with 3-day-old normal, virgin females. A batch of sexually fertile males which had been infected as tenerals on the goat at the same time were similarly mated to serve as controls. All the tsetse were maintained on rabbits' ears; the survival and reproductive performance were monitored for seven age-group periods of 9 days each. The sterility rates of the males were 73, 91 and 98% for the 7, 10 and 13 krad. doses of radiation; the percentage of T. vivax infection rates were 78·3, 82·3 and 74·4, respectively. For the control males, the fecundity of the mated females was 90% and the infection rate was 75·7%. In all other experiments, the 10 krad. dose was selected since both the survival and the sterility of the irradiated males were good. The T. vivax-challenged cows and goats died with symptoms of anaemia. There was no difference in the transmission characteristics between sterile and fertile vectors. There was also no significant difference between the sterile and normal males in the infection rates and the transmission frequency of T. congolense and T. brucei to cattle, goats and mice. These results indicate that release of sterile male tsetse in tsetse control programmes will potentially increase the trypanosomiasis risk in the affected area. Consideration must therefore be given to integrating adequate surveillance and chemotherapeutic measures for protection of man and his domestic livestock in the region during the period of such tsetse control campaigns.

Survival and behaviour of tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae) released in the field: a comparison between wild flies and animal-fed and in vitro-fed laboratory-reared flies

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale ◽  
J. W. Hargrove ◽  
A. M. Jordan ◽  
P. A. Langley ◽  
A. R. Mews
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Wing Damage ◽  
Blood Meals

AbstractMale and female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. which emerged from puparia produced by animal-fed and in vitro-fed colonies in England were marked distinctively with non-toxic paint and released into a natural habitat of G. morsitans and G. pallidipes Aust. in Rhodesia. Concurrently, adults of both species which emerged from locally-collected puparia were marked and released. Recaptures from artificial refuges, odour attractants and mobile baits at periods up to 59 days after release and at distances up to 1800 m from the release site indicated no clear differences between native G. morsitans and the two laboratory-reared groups in respect of body size, amount of fat present at emergence, survival, dispersal, availability to a range of baits, diet, speed of taking a first meal, wing damage and insemination rate. Although the blood-meal identifications for marked female G. morsitans were similar to those for both sexes of unmarked flies, blood-meals from marked males showed a relatively high proportion of bovid identifications. Unmarked flies caught were generally older than marked catches. The ratio of females to males in unmarked samples (1:1 for G. morsitans, 2:1 for G. pallidipes) was roughly double that in marked catches.

A method for determining the age of very young tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) and an investigation of the factors determining head fluorescent levels in newly emerged adults

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atway Msangi ◽  
M.J. Lehane
Keyword(s):  
Age Determination ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
New Age ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Linear Fashion ◽  
Minor Problem ◽  
Blood Meals

AbstractThe new age determination technique for tsetse flies based on the accumulation of fluorescent pigments in the head capsule has the minor problem that it is not possible to accurately identify very young flies. In this paper we describe a technique for the identification of very young Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood based on their high levels of abdominal fluorescence. Under our holding conditions these fall back in a linear fashion to a minimum at five days post-emergence. The variability in the levels of head fluorescence at eclosion is mainly influenced by the size of the emerging fly, with the number of blood meals taken by the female parent, and intra-uterine larval and puparial periods of the emerging flies also playing a part.

A field trial of pyriproxyfen-treated targets as an alternative method for controlling tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hargrove ◽  
P. A. Langley
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Technical Problem ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Tsetse Population ◽  
Hot Dry Season ◽  
Juvenile Hormone Mimic

AbstractA juvenile hormone mimic (pyriproxyfen) was used with odour-baited targets to assess its suitability for controlling tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). In August 1991, 41 odour-baited targets identical to those used with insecticide in tsetse control operations, were each treated with 4 g of pyriproxyfen and deployed near Rekomitjie Research Station, Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe, in a 12.3 km2 block of woodland habitat of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. After three months, emergence rates from puparia of the two species collected in the block fell to 34% and 20% of control levels; 50 and 70%, respectively, of puparia of the two species collected were found, on dissection, to show arrested development. Changes in mean ovarian age and wing-fray category in the tsetse population during the trial were due partially to the pyriproxyfen and partially to high mortality, in the larval/pupal stages and in young adult flies, which occurs each year in the hot/dry season. Chemical analysis of cloth samples indicated that after four months 68–85% of the pyriproxyfen had been lost, a large proportion apparently dripping off the bottom of the target. If the technical problem of persistence can be solved pyriproxyfen could substitute for pesticides in target-based tsetse control operations.

Prospects for using odour-baited trees to control tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale ◽  
J. Wilcox ◽  
J. Abson
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Control

AbstractField studies in Zimbabwe elucidated the responses of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen to natural and artificial trunks of trees baited with odours of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and phenols. The numbers of tsetse electrocuted in flight near the base of the trunk increased 2–12 times when the trunk was shortened from 7.2 m to 0.9 m and its diameter was increased from 25 cm to 5 m, when the base was coloured blue or black to contrast with the upper trunk, or when the upper trunk was separated from the base by a gap of 2.7 m. A swarm flying near short trunks was more compact than near tall trunks. Electrocuting grids to catch alighting tsetse indicated that only about 20% of the attracted tsetse alighted on the base of the trunk, whether this was blue or blue/black. Since there is presently no apparent means of cost-effectively avoiding the inhibitory effects of tall trunks, the use of odour-baited trees as baits for tsetse control seems uneconomical.

Direct observations on the responses of tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae) to hosts

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Eye Region

AbstractTo elucidate the host preferences of tsetse, an observer followed animals as they wandered in woodland infested with Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. From 55 to 88 landings by tsetse and 0·2–3·0 engorgements were seen per hour on ox, dog, bushpig and adult warthog, as against 14 landings and no engorgements on warthog 2–5 months old and 0·3–1·7 landings and no engorgements on impala and bushbuck. Many of the landings and most of the engorgements on adult suids occurred near the eye but this region was not attractive with other animals and young warthog. Unsuccessful attempts were made to determine the attractive stimuli from the eye region of adult suids.

Digestive processes of haematophagous insects. XII. Secretion of trypsin and carboxypeptidase B by Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Carboxypeptidase B ◽  
Positive Correlation

There was a significant positive correlation between protein content and the amounts of trypsin and carboxypeptidase B (CPB) in the digestive portion of the midgut of Glossina morsitans morsitans, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after feeding on a rabbit. CPB and trypsin activity were also positively correlated. Trypsin and CPB production were stimulated, to varying degrees, by bovine serum albumin (BSA), α-globulin, β-globulin, γ-globulin, and haemoglobin; the greatest response was to BSA. Peptides derived from BSA by trypsin cleavage also stimulated production of trypsin and CPB.

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