The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. VI.—Data on more chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphates, and a general discussion

1963 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Nitro Group ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Topical Applications

Five insecticides (Thiodah, Bromodan, dimethoate, Dipterex (trichlorphon) and Sumithion) were applied topically in solution to young adults of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Westw. The toxicity of Thiodan (LD50 for males, 0·0012 µg.; for females, 0·0014 µg.) lay between that of Telodrin and dieldrin, and that of Bromodan (LD50 for both sexes combined, 0·0032 µg.) between that of dieldrin and γ BHC. Dimethoate, Dipterex and Sumithion were all less toxic than Baytex, but were not fully evaluated.Results recorded in this paper and earlier ones in this series, and those of workers using Musca domestica L., are discussed in an attempt to rationalise the search for new toxicants for tsetse flies. Chlorinated hydrocarbons fall into two classes, in both of which there is an approximate positive correlation between toxicity to Musca and to Glossina. One class, including Telodrin, Thiodan and Bromodan, is exceptionally toxic to tsetse and more than 40 times as toxic to Glossina as to Musca. These have a molecule with a particular type of nucleus (hexachloro-l,4-methano-cyclohexene) with a single bridged unsaturated ring. The more common chlorinated hydrocarbons (γ BHC, DDT and aldrin) are two to five times, and dieldrin 12 times, as toxic to G. morsitans as to M. domestica, and all are very toxic to both species.Among organophosphorus compounds there is very little correlation between toxicity to M. domestica and that to G. morsitans, but it appears probable that no compound of low toxicity to Musca (i.e., LD50 of the order of 0·5 µg.) would be likely to compete with those compounds already known to be most toxic to Glossina. Replacement of the nitro group on the benzene ring of Sumithion by a thiomethyl group, to form Baytex, increases toxicity to Glossina fivefold, but that to Musca by only one-fourth. There is less information on organocarbamates, and it may be a coincidence that 2-isopropoxyphenyl N-methylcarbamate, the most toxic of those tested on G. morsitans, was also most toxic to Musca.

The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. II.—Young adults of Glossina morsitans Westw. and organophosphorus compounds, pyrethrins and Sevin

1961 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Methyl Parathion ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Topical Applications

SummarySolutions of six organophosphorus compounds, Sevin, and pyrethrins (alone or synergised with piperonyl butoxide) were applied by microburette in drops of constant volume (0·0216 μl.) to the dorsum of the thorax of young adults of Glossina morsitans Westw., 2–5 days old that had taken their first blood-meal the previous day. The solvents used were decalin (decahydronaphthalene), toluene and lighting kerosene, respectively.Malathion, methyl-parathion, DDVP (dichlorvos) and Sevin were eliminated in preliminary tests as insufficiently toxic. Muscatox (coumaphos) was reasonably toxic but not readily soluble and was therefore not considered further. Diazinon and Baytex (fenthion) were fully evaluated; the former was about as lethal as DDT, the latter as γ BHC (LD50 about 0·004 μg.). The LD50 of diazinon for males (0·0115 μg.) was significantly smaller than that for females (0·016 μg.) but the LD95 was much the same for both sexes.Pyrethrins were about equitoxic with dieldrin (LD50, 0·002 μLg.); when synergised with 15 parts of piperonyl butoxide to one of pyrethrins the LD50 for males was reduced to less than half this value, and there was a significant difference in susceptibility of the sexes, the LD50 for females being 1·4 times that for males. However, the slopes of the regression lines were such that at LD95 the difference between synergised and plain pyrethrins was too small to be of any practical use.These results show that, judged by innate toxicity to young flies, none of these insecticides can compete with dieldrin or Telodrin for practical control, although Baytex is a useful reserve should Glossina acquire resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbons.

The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. I.—Young adults of Glossina morsitans Westw. and chlorinated hydrocarbons

1961 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Topical Applications

Solutions of six chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides in kerosene have been applied in drops of about 0·02 microlitre (µl.) to adults of Glossina morsitans Westw., 2–5 days old, one day after the first meal. This species is found to be unusually susceptible to this group of insecticides. In order of increasing toxicity they are: DDT and aldrin, γ BHC, dieldrin and endrin, Telodrin (1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanophthalan). The LD50 of DDT was 0·0165 µg. (males) and 0·025 µg. (females), that of Telodrin was 0·00062 µg. (males). Susceptibility of the two sexes to DDT, γ BHC and dieldrin did not differ significantly. Two batches of flies tested with an interval of eight months differed by about two times in their response to dieldrin and γ BHC; but the response to DDT was unchanged. This difference was not seasonal.For practical use, dieldrin is the best and cheapest available insecticide, a fact confirmed in the field. Only Telodrin might replace it.

The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. V.—Young adults of Glossina morsitans Westw. and some substituted N-methyl carbamates

1963 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Isobutyl Ketone ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Potential Site ◽  
Rapid Action ◽  
Suggested Explanation ◽  
Topical Applications

A series of six substituted phenyl N-methylcarbamate insecticides were applied to laboratory-reared adults of G. morsitans Westw. as solutions in di-isobutyl ketone. Only the 2-isopropoxy and the 3-isopropyl compounds were toxic at 0·0068 µg. per fly and the former, being apparently more active, was evaluated more fully. It was found to be equitoxic with γ BHC to young flies, and not synergised to any significant degree by five parts of piperonyl butoxide. Pregnant flies were considerably more tolerant than young flies to low dosages but not to high ones. The suggested explanation postulates that the developing larva is a potential site of detoxification but that the rapid action of high dosages results in the death of the parent before the insecticide can reach the larva and be detoxified by it.

The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. III.—The effects of age and pregnancy on the susceptibility of adults of Glossina morsitans Westw

1962 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Aerial Spraying ◽  
Topical Applications

Solutions of dieldrin, γ BHC, p, p′DDT and Baytex were applied topically to pregnant females of Glossina morsitans Westw. and also, in most cases, to fertilised flies over 21 days old and not noticeably pregnant, to virgin flies over 21 days old, and to males over 18 days old. Pregnant flies required about nine times as much dieldrin as young flies for comparable mortalities, and non-pregnant fertilised flies about four times as much. It was not possible to determine proper regression lines for other insecticides and classes of flies but significant increases in tolerance, as compared with that of young flies, were shown by pregnant flies to γ BHC and DDT, by old virgins to dieldrin and DDT but not γ BHC, and by fertilised flies to γ BHC and DDT. Pregnant flies and virgins showed no increased tolerance to Baytex, and old males showed none to dieldrin, γ BHC or DDT.These results are discussed in relation to aerial spraying of tsetse habitats and it is suggested that they explain some unexpected past results.

The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. IV.—Wild-caught adults of Glossina swynnertoni Aust.

1962 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Glossina Swynnertoni ◽  
Topical Applications

Dieldrin, γ BHC, DDT, Telodrin and Baytex have been applied topically in oil solutions to G. swynnertoni Aust. caught as wild adults. The order of toxicity of these compounds was the same as that to laboratory-emerged G. morsitans Westw. and all were relatively more effective. Wild females were 2–3 times as tolerant of the chlorinated hydrocarbons as the males, and pregnant females required nine times as much DDT as the males. Greater tolerance to Baytex did not exceed the difference in body weights between the sexes. These results confirm those obtained with G. morsitans and are attributed to the increased tolerance to chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides shown by females as they age and become fertilised and pregnant.There is no such increase in tolerance of females to Baytex and the importance of this in planning practical control measures is indicated.

scholarly journals Insight into the Transmission Biology and Species-Specific Functional Capabilities of Tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) Obligate Symbiont Wigglesworthia

mBio ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita V. M. Rio ◽  
Rebecca E. Symula ◽  
Jingwen Wang ◽  
Claudia Lohs ◽  
Yi-neng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Content Type ◽  
African Trypanosomes ◽  
Species Specific

ABSTRACT Ancient endosymbionts have been associated with extreme genome structural stability with little differentiation in gene inventory between sister species. Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) harbor an obligate endosymbiont, Wigglesworthia, which has coevolved with the Glossina radiation. We report on the ~720-kb Wigglesworthia genome and its associated plasmid from Glossina morsitans morsitans and compare them to those of the symbiont from Glossina brevipalpis. While there was overall high synteny between the two genomes, a large inversion was noted. Furthermore, symbiont transcriptional analyses demonstrated host tissue and development-specific gene expression supporting robust transcriptional regulation in Wigglesworthia, an unprecedented observation in other obligate mutualist endosymbionts. Expression and immunohistochemistry confirmed the role of flagella during the vertical transmission process from mother to intrauterine progeny. The expression of nutrient provisioning genes (thiC and hemH) suggests that Wigglesworthia may function in dietary supplementation tailored toward host development. Furthermore, despite extensive conservation, unique genes were identified within both symbiont genomes that may result in distinct metabolomes impacting host physiology. One of these differences involves the chorismate, phenylalanine, and folate biosynthetic pathways, which are uniquely present in Wigglesworthia morsitans. Interestingly, African trypanosomes are auxotrophs for phenylalanine and folate and salvage both exogenously. It is possible that W. morsitans contributes to the higher parasite susceptibility of its host species. IMPORTANCE Genomic stasis has historically been associated with obligate endosymbionts and their sister species. Here we characterize the Wigglesworthia genome of the tsetse fly species Glossina morsitans and compare it to its sister genome within G. brevipalpis. The similarity and variation between the genomes enabled specific hypotheses regarding functional biology. Expression analyses indicate significant levels of transcriptional regulation and support development- and tissue-specific functional roles for the symbiosis previously not observed in obligate mutualist symbionts. Retention of the genetically expensive flagella within these small genomes was demonstrated to be significant in symbiont transmission and tailored to the unique tsetse fly reproductive biology. Distinctions in metabolomes were also observed. We speculate an additional role for Wigglesworthia symbiosis where infections with pathogenic trypanosomes may depend upon symbiont species-specific metabolic products and thus influence the vector competence traits of different tsetse fly host species.

Disruption of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae) eclosion behaviour: a novel method for evaluating the action of neurotoxic agents

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ždárek ◽  
D.L. Denlinger
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Behavioural Pattern ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
Peripheral Action

AbstractAs the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood extricates itself from the puparium and moves upward through the soil the ptilinum expands and contracts rhythmically and thus generates a stereotypic behavioural pattern that persists for up to 10 h if the tsetse fly remains confined. The response, which is easily recorded tensometrically from the movements of the ptilinum, can be exploited as a tool for evaluating the behavioral response of tsetse flies to various neurotoxic agents. The behavioural assay proves useful in providing precise information about the latency of the response and lethal time, and can suggest likely modes of action. For example, sublethal doses of pyrethroids reversibly suppressed the contraction cycles, a response consistent with the peripheral action of this insecticide. In contrast, chlorinated hydrocarbons greatly increased contraction frequency, a result consistent with the action of these agents on the central nervous system (CNS). Assays utilizing eight commercial insecticide preparations (Pybuthrin, K-othrin, Vaztak, Reldan, Safrotin, Acetellic, DDVP, Antrix) demonstrate the utility of this method for detecting subtle perturbations of the CNS and neuromuscular system.

Genetic relationships between subspecies of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans inferred from variation in mitochondrial DNA sequences

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Trick ◽  
Gabriel A. Dover
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Site Variation ◽  
Local Restriction

A 750 base pair segment of DNA from the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans was isolated by means of molecular cloning. It was shown by DNA hybridization to have substantial sequence homology with a defined region of the mitochondrial genomes of several Drosophila species. When used as a probe against DNA prepared from single tsetse flies, the cloned sequence revealed local restriction site variation between members of the G. morsitans subspecies complex. This feature was used to demonstrate maternal inheritance of the sequence in progeny of hybrid crosses and to assemble comparative restriction maps for a 3-kilobase segment of each mitochondrial genome. The data obtained from these exercises point to a higher genetic identity between G. m. morsitans and G. m. centralis than between either form and G. m. submorsitans.Key words: mitochondrial DNA, tsetse fly species, Glossina morsitans.

scholarly journals Studies on Trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense: IV. Experimental immunization of mice against tsetse fly Challenge

Parasitology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Nantulya ◽  
J. J. Doyle ◽  
L. Jenni
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Uninfected Control ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Variable Antigen ◽  
Experimental Immunization

SummaryGroups of mice were exposed to multiple bites by tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans) infected with a clone of Trypanosoma congolense spread over a period of 8 days. The mice were subsequently treated with Berenil 10 days after the first fly bite as were uninfected control mice. The group of mice which received 12–15 infectious fly bites on two occasions, 21 days apart, were subsequently resistant to infection when re-challenged by flies infected with the same clone of T. congolense. These mice were also immune to challenge by flies infected with a different bloodstream variable antigen type derived from this same stock. The immunity was stock-specific and directed against the metacyclic forms of the parasite, but was short-lived.

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