The significance of BHC degradation in resistant house-flies

1963 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Busvine ◽  
M. G. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Cimex Lectularius ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Group Resistance ◽  
Resistance Spectrum ◽  
Characteristic Resistance

Resistance to γ BHC and dieldrin in various insects usually gives a characteristic resistance spectrum, probably indicating a common defence mechanism. Resistant house-flies (Musca domestica L.) are slightly anomalous in showing greater tolerance of γ BHC than of endrin and isodrin, unlike other resistant strains. A possible explanation is that they can develop an additional defence, specific towards γ BHC, as well as the usual group resistance. This might well be enhanced enzymatic degradation of BHC, which is known to occur in flies, but was not found in resistant strains of Anopheles gambiae Giles or Cimex lectularius L.To confirm this hypothesis the rates of BHC elimination were measured in normal and two resistant strains of flies and also in normal and resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (which showed the more usual resistance spectrum). To avoid toxic effects, the non-insecticidal α BHC was used and its elimination after six hours measured in extracts by gas chromatography. The two resistant fly strains showed significantly increased degradation of BHC, correlated with their greater γ BHC resistance, whereas rates were about the same in normal flies and the two strains of L. cuprina.

scholarly journals Insecticide Resistant Strains of House Flies (Musca domestica) Show Limited Cross-Resistance to Chlorfenapyr

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Scott ◽  
Cheryl A. Leichter ◽  
Frank D. Rinkevich
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Resistant Strains

Killing house-flies, Musca domestica L., by means of hanging drops of insecticide.

1960 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Gostick ◽  
P. S. Hewlett
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Large Drop ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Typical Experiment ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Vertical Wire

Basic laboratory investigations have been carried out on a method for giving house-flies, Musca domestica L., relatively large doses of insecticide, with a view to possible applications in controlling, or preventing the appearance of, resistant strains of flies. The principle is that a relatively large drop of mineral oil will hang on the lower end of a thin vertical or near-vertical wire (e.g., a drop of up to 3 μl. on a wire 0·3 mm. in diameter), and a fleeting contact of a fly with the drop will generally transfer to the surface of the fly a substantial volume of oil. For investigational purposes pins were inserted obliquely into rods (e.g., about 700 pins into a rod 60 cm. long), and drops of up to about 1 μl. were formed on the ends of the pins by dipping the pin-bearing rods into solutions of insecticide in oil. In a typical experiment a rod with suspended drops was hung vertically from the ceiling of a chamber into which flies were released; flies then collected doses of insecticide when attempting to alight on the rod.

The insecticidal potency of γ-BHC and the chlorinated cyclodiene compounds and the significance of resistance to them

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Busvine
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Diels Alder ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Common Mode ◽  
Cyclodiene Insecticides ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Resistance Spectrum ◽  
Relative Potencies

The insecticidal potencies of γ-BHC and a range of chlorinated cyclodiene compounds have been measured for normal and resistant strains of both Musca domestica L. and Lucilia cuprina (Wied.). Apart from minor discrepancies, the relative potencies presented similar pictures in the two species, and the resistance spectra were also similar.Moderate to high insecticidal potency is shown by a variety of compounds with a chlorinated bicyclo-heptene nucleus in the molecule, including Diels-Alder condensation products and chlorinated camphenes. Various additions and sub-stituents on the nucleus affect the potency quantitatively but not qualitatively. In contrast, γ-BHC is almost unique among poly-halogenated cyclohexanes.When resistance develops to any of the chlorinated cyclodiene compounds, it invariably extends to all others and to γ-BHC and chlorinated adamantane. The resistance level, in most cases, is proportional to the original potency of the compound; this is apparently because resistance is usually complete, so that the more toxic compounds have more to lose. There are, however, a few puzzling exceptions.The consistency of the cross-resistance spectrum to all members of the group implies a common defence mechanism. This suggests a common mode of toxic action, resistance being due to insensitivity at the site. A common mode of action for the cyclodiene series is understandable; the anomalies are γ-BHC and chlorinated adamantane. Their conformity with the cyclodiene insecticides was investigated by the following observations with normal insects: (a) signs of poisoning; (b) relative potency to different species; (c) tests with mixtures. The general conclusions were not unfavourable to the hypothesis of a common mode of action, though secondary features of the intoxication process somewhat complicated the results.

A dipping technique for selecting house-flies, Musca domestica L., for resistance to insecticides

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Sawicki ◽  
A. W. Farnham
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Sintered Glass ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Resistant Strains

A dipping technique for exposing large numbers of house-flies (Musca domestica L.) to measured doses of insecticide is described. It is suitable for selecting resistant populations and, while giving consistent results, is more rapid than other techniques used for this purpose.Up to 2,000 flies of both sexes, less than 24 hr. old, are immersed for three minutes in 100 ml. of a 70 per cent, mixture of acetone and water containing the required concentration of insecticide, using a 9-cm. sintered glass Büchner funnel as the immersion chamber. The liquid is then removed by suction, the sides of the funnel are wiped with filter paper, and the flies are allowed to drain for three minutes; they are then transferred in small batches to plastic recovery chambers containing food. Mortality is recorded next day, and the survivors are released into breeding cages.Experiments showed that immersion for three minutes in 70 per cent, acetone was virtually harmless to the flies and that the amount of insecticide deposited on individual flies was reasonably uniform (coefficient of variation about 20%). Batches of 2,000 flies, but not more, could be treated at one time.When the dipping technique was compared with topical application of measured drops of insecticide, using a susceptible strain of house-flies and two other strains that were resistant to DDT and diazinon, dipping gave steeper log-probit regression lines than topical application, and the LD50's and resistance factors of the resistant strains were smaller. With flies resistant to DDT, dipping gave straight regression lines whereas topical application gave compound lines.

Factors affecting resistance to insecticides in house-flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). II. Close linkage on autosome 2 between an esterase and resistance to trichlorphon and pyrethroids

1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Sawicki ◽  
A. L. Devonshire ◽  
A. W. Farnham ◽  
Kate E. O'Dell ◽  
G. D. Moores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Weak Resistance

AbstractWidespread slight pyrethroid-resistance in Musca domestica L. on animal farms in southern England was correlated with strong resistance to trichlorphon and to malathion, and with the presence of an esterase, E0·39, detected by electrophoresis. In the laboratory, the frequency of E0·39 increased in response to selection with either pyrethroids or trichlorphon. Genetic analysis confirmed that this esterase, controlled by a gene on autosome 2, was closely linked with moderate resistance to trichlorphon and malathion and weak resistance to pyrethroids. When autosome 2 with the gene for E0·39 was introduced into a strain homozygous for the resistance mechanism super-kdr, resistance to pyrethroids increased by a factor equivalent to the weak resistance conferred by autosome 2 with E0·39 alone. Homozygosity for both mechanisms of resistance, and E0·39, was obtained by selecting the progeny of this cross with permethrin alone, permethrin and trichlorphon, or DDT and trichlorphon, demonstrating that very strong pyrethroid resistance can be achieved through the use of non-pyrethroid insecticides. E0·39 was absent from insecticide-resistant strains of M. domestica from Denmark but was present in several multi-resistant strains from other European countries.

Toxicology and genetics of two types of insecticide resistance in Chrysomyia Putoria (Wied.)

1963 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Busvine ◽  
J. D. Bell ◽  
A. M. Guneidy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pair ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Complete Dominance ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Resistance Spectrum ◽  
Characteristic Resistance

Resistant and normal colonies of the blowfly Chrysomyia putoria (Wied.) were obtained from the Congo and cultured in London. By selection and inbreeding, sub-colonies homogeneous for resistance to (a) the BHC/dieldrin group of chlorinated insecticides and (b) malathion, were obtained. Homogeneous resistant colonies were markedly less fertile and were difficult to perpetuate.Toxicological investigations of the BHC/dieldrin-resistant colony revealed a characteristic resistance spectrum similar to that of six other insect species. Genetical experiments with the BHC/dieldrin-resistant strain indicated inheritance by a single gene pair, intermediate in dominance, very similar to that reported in nine other insect species.Toxicological investigations of the malathion-resistant colony, including tests with 19 organophosphorus insecticides, showed a resistance largely specific to malathion and malaoxon. This was rather similar to malathion-resistant strains of two other species, for which data were available. It is known that the toxic action of malathion on mammals can be potentiated by prior treatment with small doses of certain organophosphorus compounds, which inhibit an aliesterase that detoxifies malathion by carboxylic hydrolysis, and furthermore that potentiation has been found in malathion-resistant strains of the house-fly, Musca domestica L. Accordingly, the phenomenon was investigated in C. putoria by adding non-lethal amounts of EPN or tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) to malathion. It was found that specific malathion-resistance was virtually abolished by this means, a result that suggests that such resistance in this species depends on a carboxyesterase. Genetical experiments with the malathion-resistant strain indicated inheritance by a single gene pair, with nearly complete dominance, similar to that in three other insect species.It is concluded that both types of resistance in C. putoria have much in common with those occurring in analogous strains of other insect species.

Distinct Morphological Differences Between DDT-Resistant and Non-DDT-Resistant Strains of the House Fly, Musca domestica L.

1954 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Bigelow ◽  
E. J. LeRoux
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Morphological Differences

This paper is a report on the discovery of distinct morphological differences between DDT-resistant and non-DDT-resistant strains of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Since DDT-resistant house flies were first reported in Italy in 1945-46, such differences have been sought by a number of workers (e.g. Wiesmann, 1947; D'Alessandro et al., 1949; March and Lewallen, 1950; Anon., 1950). Various slight differences have been detected but none of a magnitude comparable to those described in this paper has so far been reported.

Efektifitas Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper Betle) sebagai Insektisida Nabati terhadap Mortalitas Lalat Rumah (Musca domestica)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Rinaldi Daswito ◽  
Rima Folentia ◽  
M Yusuf MF
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
P Value ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
The One ◽  
One Way Anova

One of the diseases that can be transmitted by flies is diarrhea. Green betel leaf contains essential oils, chavicol, arecoline, phenol, and tannins which function as plant-based insecticides. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of green betel leaf extract (Piper betel) as a plant-based insecticide on the number of mortality of house flies (Musca domestica). The research was an experimental study used After Only Design used the One Way Anova test with a 95% confidence level. The samples used were 360 ​​house flies. Each treatment of 30 house flies with 4 repetitions and used three concentrations of green betel leaf extract (25%, 50%, 75%). The study was conducted at the Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory of Health Polytechnic Tanjungpinang, while the location of the fly collection was at the Tokojo Garbage Collection Station in Bintan Regency. The number of mortality of house flies at a concentration of 25% was 81 heads (67.5%), 50% concentrations were 93 heads (77.5%), and at a concentration of 75% were 103 heads (85.83%). There was an effect of green betel leaf extract on the mortality of house flies (p-value 0.0001 <0.05) with the most effective concentration of 75%. Further research is needed to obtain a finished product utilizing green betel leaf extract as a vegetable insecticide, especially in controlling the fly vector. Need further research on the use of green betel leaf extract as a vegetable insecticide controlling the fly vector by taking into account the amount of spraying and the age of the fly.   Keywords: Green betel leaf extract , organic insecticide, houseflies

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