Complex resistance of spring and winter bread wheat lines to biotic and abiotic stresses

An original initial material of spring and winter bread wheat with group resistance to stem and leaf rust was developed using new donors of resistance to stem rust: winter soft wheat GT 96/90 (Bulgaria) and accession 119/4-06rw with genetic material of the species Triticum migushovae and (Aegilops speltoides and Secale cereale), respectively, a line of spring wheat 113/00i-4 obtained using the species Ae. triuncialis and T. kiharae, as well as spring accession 145/00i with genetic material of the species Ae. speltoides resistant to leaf rust. The transfer of effective Sr-genes to progeny was monitored using molecular markers. New lines underwent a field assessment of resistance to leaf and stem rust in the epiphytotic development of diseases in the Central Region of the Russian Federation, as well as in the North Caucasus and Western Siberia, and showed high resistance to these pathogens. Fourteen genotypes of spring wheat with group resistance to these diseases and parental forms that participated in the origin of the lines were evaluated for resistance to spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus) and tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) using isolates from Kazakhstan and Omsk in laboratory conditions. A highly resistant parental form of winter soft wheat from “Arsenal” collection 119/4-06rw (wheat-Ae. speltoides-rye hybrid 2n = 42) with group resistance to two spots, four medium-resistant genotypes to both isolates of tan spot from Kazakhstan and Omsk populations of the pathogen, as well as genotypes resistant to the Omsk isolate of P. triticirepentis (parental form 113/00i-4 and lines 1-16i, 6-16i, 9-16i) were isolated. Among the lines of winter wheat, four were identified with group resistance to spot blotch and tan spot. Additionally, the stress resistance of the lines to NaCl salinization and prolonged flooding of seeds with water was evaluated at the early stages of ontogenesis in laboratory conditions. Lines 33-16i, 37-16i, 32-16i and 9-16i showed a high ability to withstand excess moisture. Lines 33-16i, 37-16i, 32-16i and 3-16i were characterized by high salt tolerance, exceeding the average of 49.7 %. Among the winter genotypes, lines were identified with increased resistance to hypoxia (37-19w, 32-19w, 16-19w, 90-19w) and with increased salt tolerance (20-19w, 9-19w, 37-19w, 90-19w), significantly exceeding the standard cv. Moskovskaya 39. The listed lines are of interest as sources of resistance to anaerobic and salt stress, as well as donors of resistance to a group of fungal diseases: leaf and stem rust and tan spot. We attribute the increased level of resistance of the new initial material to the presence of alien translocations in the original parental forms involved in the origin of the lines.

New prototypes of winter wheat varieties allotted for competitive testing during pre-breeding process

A new original initial material of winter wheat was created by using stem rust resistant donors. The new lines resistant to leaf and stem rust were assessed under the field conditions in the North Caucasus and the Central region of the Russian Federation. Some of the resistant genotypes were assessed in laboratory conditions for abiotic stress resistance to: salinity, acidification, and prolonged flooding of seeds in water. a two-year assessment of the lines productivity in the control nursery under the conditions of the Moscow region 7 genotypes of winter wheat were identified with high and medium resistance to lodging, group resistance to fungal diseases, heading 5-7 days earlier than the standard, the optimal plant height of 90-110 cm, the average development of grain per ear and 1000 grains mass and forming good quality yield. Lines 2-19w, 9-19w, 16-19w, 36-19w, 63-19w, 90-19w, 92-19w will be tested in competitive variety testing and may be presented as prototypes of varieties for the Non-Black Earth Central Region.

Fitness Staff’s Perceptions of Offering the 3-Step Workout for Life Program in Senior Living Communities

As the population of elderly adults continues to rise, a greater strain will be placed on the healthcare system. Functional exercise programs, such as the 3-Step Workout for Life, have been shown to improve activities of daily living and delay the disablement process. However, the majority of senior living communities do not utilize functional exercise in their fitness programming. This research study aimed to understand the perceptions that fitness staff working at senior living communities have towards the 3-Step Workout for Life program in order to determine the program’s acceptability, feasibility, and appeal. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with five fitness personnel. Participants were recruited from independent living communities. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Using NVivo 12, data was analyzed using thematic analysis techniques to identify common themes. The participants’ perceptions touch on four key themes: 1) revision of screening process; 2) group resistance band exercise would be feasible after minor adaptation; 3) individualized one-on-one ADL exercise is not currently feasible for staff or residents; 4) program addresses a gap in senior fitness. The results of this study provided insight into the feasibility of this program and helped direct modifications needed to enable successful integration.

Immunological characteristics of winter wheat varieties to the main pathogens in the right-bank Forest Steppe

Aim. To determine the resistance of winter wheat varieties to the main pathogens, to establish their stability and plasticity, to identify perspective sources of resistance. Methods. Laboratory – production of inoculum of pathogens; field – artificial inoculation,, assessment of variety stability; statistical calculation of disease severity, indicators of stability and plasticity. Results. In 2015–2017, the resistance of 43 varieties of winter wheat to the main pathogens of leaf diseases, common bunt and root rots was assessed. Resistance to powdery mildew was found in 32 varieties, tan spot – in 2, root rot – in 3, hard smut – in 2 varieties. Six varieties of winter wheat were characterized by group resistance. Varieties that combine high plasticity and stability of the sign of disease resistance have been identified. Conclusions. Valuable sources of resistance are winter wheat varieties with group resistance to common bunt and powdery mildew – Tradytsiia Odeska and Kurs; powdery mildew and tan spot – Nasnaga and Zolotonozhka; powdery mildew and root rot – Nezabudka and Shchedrist kyivska.Keywords: resistance, winter wheat, diseases, plasticity, stability.

APPRAISING REVERBERATIONS OF RESISTANCE TO CHANGE

Organizations in this sublimating environment on one hand entail continuous change through structured process of building capacity and enhance organization effectiveness by developing, improving and reinforcing behaviour, structure, technological processes with integrated organizational strategy. However on the other hand, during the change process they counter bottlenecks from the resistance to change bid by the individual employees, groups and sometimes organization itself. Resistances exhibited may vary in their nature and magnitude from organization to organization. Since, higher education faculty today need to counter changes such as virtual mode of teaching, student and market driven courseware, turbulent pedagogies, etc. This descriptive cum survey study aims to investigate such effects of resistances at VSK University Ballari. Ecosystem of the study encompasses teaching faculty and sample size was chosen to be 82 and is more than Cochran formula. The data was analysed using Chi square analysis and Friedman test. The study revealed that there is an association between the resistance to change and effect on the organization and the amount of association in case of individual and group resistance is stronger.

STUDY OF RESISTANCE TO ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUGS IN PATIENTS WHO ARE IN STATIONARY TREATMENT IN THE DEPARTMENT OF RESISTANT FORMS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

A comparative study of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs in patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis and in patients with chronic forms of tuberculosis who were treated in an anti-tuberculosis hospital was carried out. We examined 142 patients treated in the department of resistant forms of tuberculosis. A complete bacteriological study of sputum for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was carried out with the determination of sensitivity to anti-tuberculosis drugs during the cultivation of microorganisms on a liquid nutrient medium in a system with automated registration of bacterial growth and on a dense nutrient medium of Lowenstein-Jensen using the method of absolute concentrations. Methods of PCR analysis were also used. According to the anamnesis, two groups of patients were formed: 82 patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis and 60 patients with a chronic course of the disease or with a relapse of the disease. According to the age structure, patients under the age of 50 prevailed in both groups. At the same time, in the first group there was a significant number of patients aged 18-29 years - 20.7%. In the second group, the number of patients aged 18-29 years was significantly less - 5%. Despite the fact that all patients were assigned to the category of multidrug-resistant pathogen and were treated in the unit of resistant forms of tuberculosis, it was important to assess the level of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance separately for patients in each of the selected groups. The largest differences between groups were found in the assessment of second-line drug resistance. Patients of the second group showed high resistance to fluoroquinolones - 30% and amikacin - 41.6%. In patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis (first group), resistance to fluoroquinolones was 9.7%, and to amikacin - 17.1%. Capreomycin was the most effective in both groups. The resistance of the causative agent of tuberculosis in patients of the first group was 4.9%, in the second - 11.6%.

INFLUENCE OF EXOMETABOLITES OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF CULTURAL PLANTS ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PATHOGENIC MICROMYCETES BIPOLARIS SOROKINIANA AND ALTERNARIA ALTERNATA

Objective. To establish the influence of exometabolites of winter wheat plants of Podolianka, Natalka, Skagen, Mulan varieties and oats of Skarb Ukrainy, Svitanok, Tembr varieties on the growth and development of Bipolaris sorokiniana micromycete, as well as the influence of onion of Tkachenkivska, Mavka, Veselka, Liubchyk, Variah, Harmonia varieties on the growth and development of the micromycete Alternaria alternata. Methods. Mycological, phytopathological, phytoimmunological. Results. Two hundred isolates of pathogenic micromycetes were isolated from the seeds of the studied crops of different varieties. The most common microbiota were: Bipolaris sorokiniana, Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima, Alternaria infectoria, Stemphylium vesicarium, Curvularia inaequalis. The highest incidence on wheat and oat seeds (over 80 %) was reported for B. sorokiniana, on onion seeds — for A. alternata. It was found that exometabolites of plants of different varieties can both inhibit and stimulate the rate of radial growth of mycelium of B. sorokiniana and A. alternata. It was proved that exometabolites of plants of wheat, oats, onion can significantly affect the reproductive capacity of the studied micromycetes, which reduced the number of spores per 1 cm2 of colony area almost 1.2–2.5 times compared to the control. This indicates that exometabolites of plants are characterized by fungicidal properties, which are due to a complex of biologically active substances that can inhibit the intensity of sporulation of B. sorokiniana and A. alternate. Conclusion. The antifungal property of root exometabolites of plants of the studied varieties significantly depends on the genotype of the variety. Therefore, an important timely task is to identify environmentally stable and flexible varieties that are characterized by group resistance to pathogens of fungal origin, as well as the search for mechanisms of action of fungicidal natural origin.

Welcome to Be Like Us: Expectations of Outgroup Assimilation Shape Dominant Group Resistance to Diversity

We propose a theoretical framework for when and why members of dominant groups experience threat and express intolerant attitudes in response to social change. Scholarship on symbolic threat suggests that the detection of intergroup differences in values and norms is sufficient to elicit negative intergroup attitudes. Building on this theory, we argue that the experience of threat is actually shaped by prospective beliefs about difference (i.e., expectations of whether outgroups will assimilate to ingroup norms over time or not). Across two studies and two accompanying pilots, we show how outgroup assimilation expectation shapes dominant groups’ experiences of threat, specifically as it relates to their ability to define the norms of their superordinate category (prototypicality threat). We observe that members of dominant groups are surprisingly tolerant of both social change and intergroup difference in the present, so long as they expect outgroup assimilation in the future.

RESULTS OF STEP CROSSES IN SELECTION OF PEAR DWARFISM DONORS

The article presents the results of 20 years of research on the implementation of a project to create pear varieties and complex donors of monogenously determined dwarfism (gene D) with high winter hardiness, group resistance to fungal diseases — scab (Venturia pirina Aderh., brownish (Entomosporium maculatum Lev.) and Septoria (Septoria piricola Desm.) and bright red color of fruits (gene C). The research was conducted according to generally accepted methods in the pear breeding gardens of Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding in 2000-2019. The study objects were populations of hybrid pear seedlings obtained from targeted crosses of highly adaptive forms and hybrids of pears with descendants of the 4th generation of the Karlikovaya Zelyonaya variety (Nain Vert), heterozygous for the dwarfism gene (Dd) in the first stage, and hybrid seedlings from crossing a DK-2 donor with sources of good fruit taste in the second stage. The aim of the research was to identify winter-hardy complex donors of dwarfism for further use in breeding programs for the creation of intensive pear varieties. Seedlings were grown using conventional technology in a breeding garden on a plot with dark gray forest soil. As a result of research for further use in breeding as complex donors of dwarfism, winter hardiness, group resistance to fungal diseases and red color of fruits, 3 forms were selected in the second stage of crosses (DK-1-6-57, DK-1-674, DK-1-4-38). Their use in long-term innovative breeding programs for the creation of intensive pear varieties will allow to conduct rejections at the early stages of ontogenesis and thereby to reduce the volume of hybrid families by 2-4 times. These complex donors are briefly characterized.

Effect of Exercise Training on Gene Expression of Adiponectin and its Receptors in Testicles and Sex Hormones in Diabetic Rats

Adiponectin and its receptors are expressed in the male reproductive system, which play a role in regulating male sex hormones and fertility. Diabetes was induced by Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide (STZ-NA i.p) in rats and after performing the trainings, adiponectin gene expression and its receptors in the testis were evaluated using real time PCR, and blood serum was then used in order to assess FSH, LH and testosterone. The STZ-NA significantly increased the fasting blood glucose, gene expression of adiponectin AdipoR1 in the testicles of diabetic rats. A significant reduction in serum testosterone and LH levels were observed in the diabetic group. Resistance and endurance training decreased blood glucose, adiponectin and AdipoR1 gene, and also increased the serum testosterone and LH levels in diabetic rats. Overall, our data suggest the role played by training in improve expression of adiponectin and AdipoR1 gene by increasing the serum testosterone and LH levels in type 2 diabetic rats.