scholarly journals Africanization in British Multinationals in Ghana and Nigeria, 1945–1970

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Decker
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Senior Management ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
Organizational Survival ◽  
Subsidiary Management ◽  
The 1960S

Multinationals experienced significant legitimacy challenges in less-developed countries between 1945 and 1970. Corporate responses to these challenges cover three distinct periods. Unsuccessful postwar attempts focusing on colonial welfare concerns were followed by pragmatic endeavors intended to repair corporate reputations by Africanizing senior management. By the 1960s, this had become a common approach to legitimization. The challenges of Africanizing ethnocentric multinationals led to organizational changes: internationally diversified multinationals were better able to decentralize subsidiary management, while the late 1960s saw regionally focused multinationals absorbed by more diversified multinationals. Organizational survival was directly linked to legitimacy advantages derived from Africanization.

Fertility Declines in Less-developed Countries: Components and Implications

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas N. Eberstadt
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Chinese Populations ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
The 1960S

Human fertility in the less-developed countries has declined substantially in aggregate over the past fifteen years. Although the declines have not occurred evenly—many countries, according to the best statistical information that is currently available, have yet to be affected—they have been felt in the major population centres of the poor world. Delays in the recognition of fertility decline are often more than a decade in less-developed countries, owing to the state of the art of collecting social statistics; analyses of the present condition, therefore, are necessarily tentative.In the 1960s, the ‘taxonomy’ of fertility decline in the less-developed countries was simple: those nations ‘suffering’ fertility decline were either undergoing rapid development, were geographically distinct as islands, or were ethnically distinct as largely Chinese populations. Such a simple categorization no longer holds up; in fact, it is hard to make any ‘big picture’ generalizations about the nations that are now experiencing a decrease in family size. Future research workers should take this as a cue to look more closely at the ‘micro’ aspects of fertility—those incentives which affect couples directly in their decisions about children—for in the final analysis it is couples and not nations which decide to become parents.Research workers might also with advantage pay closer attention to the connection between economic development and fertility, for the vast array of societies and economies that are now found to have declining fertility rates, would seem to call into question many of the assumptions about the so-called ‘demographic transition’, with which we have lived so comfortably for more than a generation.

'Restrictive Business Practices', report by the UNCTAD Secretariat, April 1972.

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-316
Author(s):  
G. M. Radhu
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
International Firms ◽  
The World ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Financial Power ◽  
Administrative Structures

The report by the UNCTAD Secretariat, submitted to the third session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held in Santiago (Chile) in April 1972, deals with the restrictive business practices of the multinational corporations with special reference to the export interests of the developing countries. Since the world war, there has been a tremendous growth in the size and activities of many international firms. They have grown from the national corporation to the multidivisional corporation and now to the multinational corporation. With each step they acquired greater financial power, better technology and know-how and more complex administrative structures. They have subsidiaries and branches all over the world. In the course of the sixties they became one of the dominant factors in determining the pattern of world trade. At the same time, their increasingly restrictive business practices, which tended to adversely affect world trade and the export interest of less developed countries, attracted the attention of the governments both in developed and less developed countries and serious concern was shown at the international level. It is against this background that the UNCTAD undertook the study on the question of restrictive business practices.

scholarly journals Positive Design for Children with Atopic Dermatitis—Enhanced Problem-Solving and Possibility-Driven Approach in the Context of Chronic Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Veronika Weiß ◽  
Michael Minge ◽  
Bernhard Preim ◽  
Steffi Hußlein
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Design For Children

Since the 1960s, atopic dermatitis has seen a steady increase in prevalence in developed countries. Most often, the onset begins at an early age and many patients are very young children. Due to their young age, their parents are forced to take over handling of the disease. As a consequence, atopic dermatitis places a high burden not only on affected children, but also on their parents and siblings, limiting human flourishing of a whole family. Therefore, the described research area calls for a possibility-driven approach that looks beyond mere problem-solving while building on existing support possibilities and creating new ones. This paper presents atopi as a result of such a possibility-driven approach. It incorporates existing patient education and severity scoring into an extensive service, adding new elements to turn necessary practices into joyful experiences, to create feelings of relatedness and to increase perceived self-efficacy, thus is suitable to enable human flourishing.

Inverting the Pyramid of Values? Trends in Less-Developed Countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (S3) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Virginia Halter ◽  
Maria Cecilia Coutinho de Arruda
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries

Transfer of Technology to Nigeria and the Patents and Designs Act 1970

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
S. K. Date-Bah
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Transfer Process ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Patent System ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Commercial Exploitation ◽  
Know How ◽  
Technology Transfer Process ◽  
Transfer Of Technology

The patent system has been claimed to be one of the ways of facilitating the transfer of technology from the industrialised North to the less developed countries of the South. It is by no means the only way in which this can be done. For one thing, not all technology is patented. Also, quite often before a patented process can be successfully worked there is need for the transfer of unpatented know-how along with the technology covered by the patent. Besides, it is not the patent itself which enables the transfer of the technology; rather, by making the title and exclusive rights of the patentee secure, it emboldens him to transfer his technology to others for commercial exploitation. Nevertheless, the patent is an important factor in the technology transfer process. As one United Nations report has put it:

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