Effects of Plant Density on Growth and Yield of Oil Palm

1973 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. V. Corley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Net Assimilation

SUMMARYCrop growth rate of oil palm increases with leaf area index (LAI) to about 40 tons/ha./yr at the highest LAIs obtained. Net assimilation rate and dry matter production per palm decrease with increasing LAI, but the amount of dry matter per palm incorporated in vegetative tissues is unaffected by density. As a result the optimal LAI for oil yield is considerably below the critical LAI for maximum crop growth rate.

scholarly journals Growth and yield of wheat at different dates of sowing under chrland ecosystem of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Kamrozzaman ◽  
MAH Khan ◽  
S Ahmed ◽  
N Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate

An experiment was conducted at Sadipur charland under Farming System Research and Development Site, Hatgobindapur, Faridpur, during rabi season of 2012-13 and 2013-14 to study the growth and yield performance of cv. BARI Gom-24 as affected by different dates of sowing under Agro-ecological Zone-12 (AEZ-12) of Bangladesh. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six replications, comprising five different dates of sowing viz. November 5, November 15, November 25, December 5 and December 15. Results reveal that the tallest plant, leaf area index, total dry matter, and crop growth rate were observed in November 25 sown crop and leaf area index, total dry matter and crop growth rate were higher at booting, grain filling, and tillering stages of the crop. Maximum effective tillers hill-1 (3.49), spikes m-2, (311), number of grains spike-1 (42.20) and 1000-grain weight (52.10 g) were produced by November 25 sown crop exhibited the highest grain (4.30 t ha-1) and straw yield (4.94 t ha-1) as well as harvest index (46.88%) of the crop. Lowest performance was observed both in early (November 5) and late sown crop (December 15). The overall results indicated that November 25 sown crop showed better performance in respect of growth and yield of wheat under charland ecosystem of Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 147-154, December 2016

Evaluation of groundnut genotypes for physiological efficiencyand high yield to suit early kharif situation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Reshma ◽  
P. Latha ◽  
V. Umamahesh ◽  
R. P. Vasanthi ◽  
P. Sudhakar
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Net Assimilation

Groundnut is grown during July to October in kharif season, however area under early kharif (sowing in May) is increasing in Andhra Pradsh, where ever irrigation facilities exists. Hence to identify suitable variety for the situation, fourteen pre release and two released groundnut genotypes were evaluated during early kharif 2013 for growth, physiological traits and yield attributes. At harvest genotypes TCGS-1375 (41.331 g plant-1), TCGS-1342(41.059 g plant-1) significantly recorded higher total dry matter compared to all other cultivars and checks followed by TCGS-1330 (36.667 g plant-1), TCGS-1349 (36.433 g plant-1). TCGS-1342 recorded significantly higher Crop Growth Rate (CGR) value of 33.848 g m-2 day-1, where as TCGS-1346 (0.1265 g dm-2 day-1) and TCGS-1330 (0.1262 g dm-2 day-1) recorded significantly higher Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) values at 45-60 DAS. Cultivar, TCGS-1330 recorded significantly higher pod yield 4210.44 Kg ha-1 compared to other entries and checks. The results revealed that pre release genotypes, TCGS-1342, TCGS-1375, TCGS-1330, TCGS-1346 recorded high physiological efficiency in terms of growth and physiological traits viz. total dry matter (TDM), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area index (LAI) and also recorded high pod yield.

Studies of grain production in Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench). V.* Effect of planting density on growth and yield

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
KS Fischer ◽  
GL Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Net Assimilation

Growth analysis was applied to grain sorghum (cv. RS610) grown at low, medium and high population densities, i.e. 14,352, 143,520 and 645,836 plants ha-1 respectively. The medium densities had two arrangements of plants, square (S) and rectangular (R). Crop growth rates, inflorescence growth rates, leaf area indices, net assimilation rates and leaf growth rates were calculated from growth functions of plant dry matter and leaf area over time. Differences in crop growth rate between populations in the early stages were attributed to leaf area development—specifically to the initial leaf area (dependent on seedling number) and not to differences in leaf growth rates. Peak crop growth rates were 15.0, 27.5, 26.0 and 45.8 g m-2 day-1 for the low, medium (S), medium (R) and high populations respectively.The large difference between the growth rates of the medium (S) and the high populations was not explained by differences in the amount of radiation intercepted. Although leaf area indices were 4.6 and 10.2 respectively for the two populations, both canopies intercepted almost all of the noon radiation. Light extinction coefficients were 0.45 and 0.29 respectively. The relationship between net assimilation rate and leaf area index was such that for comparable leaf area indices above 2, plants at higher densities showed greater improvement in yield per unit increment in leaf area index. A maximum grain yield of 14,250 kg ha-1 was obtained at the high population density as a result of higher dry matter production, but a similar harvest index to that of the crops grown at the other densities. Inflorescence growth rate (g m-2 day-l) slightly exceeded crop growth rate in the latter part of grain filling, which indicated that there was some retranslocation to the grain of previously assimilated material. The maximum grain yield represents an efficiency of utilization of short-wave solar radiation during crop life of 2.5 x 10-6g cal-1. *Part IV, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 26: 25 (1975).

Effects of sowing time and sowing density on the growth of subterranean clover at Adelaide

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury ◽  
S Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate

Growth curves have been constructed for undefoliated swards of subterranean clover (cv. Woogenellup) established at three plant densities (1,2 and 4 x l03 plants per m2) at three times of the year (May, June and August). The swards grew without any apparent water stress, until early December. The time course of shoot dry matter increase is examined by the use of a logistic function and by the recognition of three growth stages. Maximum crop growth rates ranged from 10 to 15 gm-2 day-1. The rate decreased with increase in density but increased with lateness of sowing, so that the highest crop growth rate was obtained with the lowest plant density sown in August. Estimated end-of-season yields were independent of density but decreased from about 1500 g m-2 for May sowing to 1000 g m-2 for August sowing. Effects of sowing density on the growth pattern persisted throughout the whole season. Swards took 70–100 days to attain a leaf area index (LAI) of 3, after which crop growth rates were almost constant with time and independent of short-term fluctuations in the level of daily solar radiation and average daily temperature. Swards reached a maximum LAI of about 6, LAI being linearly related to the amount of shoot dry matter up to about 600 gm-2 independent of density and sowing time. No evidence was found of an optimal relationship between crop growth rate and LAI.It is concluded that end-of-season yield is independent of plant density above 1000 established plants per m2, and that swards established as late as August have the capacity to attain a yield of 10 tonnes ha-1 provided the growing season is extended.

scholarly journals Effects of Gibberellic Acid (Ga3) on Growth and Yield Parameters of French Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Ferdowsi Noor ◽  
Feroza Hossain ◽  
Umme Ara
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
French Bean ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Net Assimilation

A field study was conducted during the Rabi season of 2009-2010 in the research field of Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka. Six levels of GA3, viz. 0, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 ppm were sprayed at 18 days after sowing (DAS). GA3 treatments significantly increased plant height than the control plants. GA3 with 30 to 90 ppm significantly increased number of branches and leaves, leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter and total dry matter at different growth stages. GA3 at 30 to 70 ppm gradually increased crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) and declined advanced growth stages. Number of dry pods /plant, number of seeds /pod, 1000 seed weight, fresh fodder, fresh pod, dry seed yield and harvest index also significantly increased. Positive significant correlations were found among growth parameters and as well as yield contributing characters. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 43(1): 49-60, June 2017

Changes in growth rate and morphology of perennial ryegrass swards at high and low nitrogen levels

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Davies
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Time Of Year

SummaryThe nitrogen requirements for maximum production of perennial ryegrass swards in August/September were shown to be of the order of 4 kg N/ha/day. Further increases above this level had no appreciable effect on dry-matter production, leaf area or light intercepted, but maximum tiller numbers were considerably enhanced. Shortage of nitrogenous fertilizer had comparatively little effect on crop growth rate in the early stages of regrowth, but thereafter caused the rate to fall increasingly short of potential. At high fertilizer levels crop growth rate based on total above-ground parts was linearly related to percentage light intercepted in the first month after defoliation, but values subsequently became erratic and at times negative. This change in crop growth rate and the resulting halt in effective net dry-matter production could be associated with the overall pattern of leaf and tiller formation and death, maximum net yield being achieved at the point in time when three new leaves had been produced on each tiller since cutting. It is concluded that in August and September worth-while increases in harvestable net dry matter are unlikely to occur after this stage has been reached, and that managements based on the maintenance of a complete crop cover are not likely to be successful at this time of year.

scholarly journals Characterization of Dry Matter Partition with Grain Yield in Advanced Breeding Lines of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
D. Dev Kumar ◽  
D. Vishnu Vardhan Reddy ◽  
P. Raghuveer Rao ◽  
M. Sheshu Madhav ◽  
V. Gouri Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Initiation Stage

The experimental field was laid in RBD replicated thrice with 30 high yielding rice genotypes which includes 26 advanced breeding lines (ABL) (SP-351, SP-352, SP-353, SP-354, SP-355, SP-356, SP-357, SP-358, SP-359, SP-360, SP-70, SP-72, SP-63, SP-61, SP-69, SP-55, SP-80, SP-25, SP-13,  SP-03, SP-02, SP-34, SP-37, SP-08, SP-75 and SP-57) and four checks (NDR-359, BPT-5204, IR-64, Jaya). Seven genotypes showed significantly higher leaf weight over the BPT-5204. Further, leaf weight at panicle initiation stage showed a positive relationship with TDM (Total Dry Matter) (r=0.51**). At the panicle initiation stage, only three genotypes (SP-354, SP-358, and SP-72) were superior to BPT-5204 in leaf weight. The shoot biomass and total dry weight was superior only in one genotype SP-72 as compared to BPT-5204. Similarly, the net assimilation rate at panicle initiation stage was maximum in SP-08 (9.92g m-2 day-1) and SP-72 (9.35g m-2 day-1) as compared to check BPT-5204 (6.47g m-2 day-1). These genotypes maintained higher photosynthetic rate (SP-72) and higher grain yield (SP-08). The relationship between CGR (Crop Growth Rate) and TDM (Total Dry Matter) and grain yield (r=0.61**) was positive and significant at physiological maturity. Genotypes SP-08 and SP-72 showed significantly higher CGR (Crop Growth Rate) over BPT-5204 and hence, yielded higher. In the present study compared to BPT-5204, genotypes SP-72, SP-08 maintained higher lea area index at all crop growth stages. These genotypes maintained higher photosynthetic rate (SP-72) and higher grain yield (SP-08). Positive significant relationship between LAI (Leaf Area Index) and total dry matter at harvest and; grain yield has been observed.

scholarly journals Comparison of Growth Indices of Nigella sativa L. under Different Plant Densities and Fertilization

2019 ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Ioannis Roussis, Ioanna Kakabouki, Dimitrios Bilalis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Area Index ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Plant Densities

Agronomic practices such as plant density and fertilizer management are referred to comprise crop environment, which influences plant growth, productivity, and ultimately the yield. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the influence of plant density and fertilization on the growth and growth indices of Nigella sativa crop and to determine the association between yield and growth characteristics at both the single plant and crop stand level. The 2-year experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, with three replications, two main plots (200 and 300 plants m-2) and four sub-plots (fertilization treatments: control, compost, farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer). The highest absolute growth rate (AGR) (0.0321 g day-1) and relative growth rate (RGR) (0.0714 g g-1 day-1) values were recorded when plants subjected to low-density and inorganic fertilization, while the highest crop growth rate (CGR) (8.0342 g m-2 day-1) was obtained under high-plant density and inorganic fertilization. Concerning specific leaf area (SLA), the highest value (196.28 cm2 g-1) was found in inorganic fertilized treatment. Leaf area index (LAI), Leaf area duration (LAD) and Biomass duration (BMD) were positively affected by both plant density and fertilization with the greatest values observed under high-density and fertilization. In conclusion, plant densities higher than 200 plants m-2 lead to higher crop growth, but lower growth of individual plants and decreased seed yield, while the application of inorganic fertilizers increases crop growth and yield as these fertilizers contain higher levels of nitrogen with high solubility and therefore quick availability for the crop than the organic fertilizers.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SEEDS SOAKING AND VEGETATIVE PARTS NUTRITION WITH ACIDS OF ASCORBIC, CITRIC AND HUMIC ON MAIZE GROWTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1207-1218
Author(s):  
J. J. Kadhim ◽  
J. H. Hamza
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter Weight

A field experiment was carried out during two spring seasons in 2019 and 2020. This study was aimed to increase dry matter weight and crop growth rate of maize. First factor in main plots was nutrition vegetative parts with ascorbic and citric (100 mg l-1) for both of them and humic (1 ml l-1), in addition to the control treatment (spraying of vegetative parts with distilled water only). Second factor in sub-plots was seeds soaking with same acids above, as well as the control treatment (soaking the seeds with distilled water only). Randomize complete block design in split plot arrangement was used with three replications. The results showed a significant superiority of seeds soaking in humic acid for traits of number of days from planting to 75% anthesis  and silking (66.4 and 66.3 day) and (72.3 and 72.3 day), plant height (194.0 and 230.8 cm), leaves area plant-1 (6969.5 and 6570.2 cm2), leaf area index (3.71 and 3.50), dry matter weight (11.6 and 12.2 ton ha-1), crop growth rate (3.0 and 3.2 g cm-2 day-1) and chlorophyll leaf content (60.2 and 69.5 SPAD) for both seasons, respectively. Effect of vegetative parts nutrition and interaction effect of both studied factors was non-significant for most traits. It can be concluded that seeds soaking in humic acid improved growth traits. It can be recommended to soak seeds of maize before planting in humic acid at concentration of 1 ml l-1.

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