scholarly journals IV.—On the Formation of the “Rock-Basin” of Lough Corrib, County Galway

1866 ◽  
Vol 3 (29) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Kinahan

Lough Corrib is a long irregular lake of various widths, but having a general bearing of about N.W. and S.E. Its N.W. portion is in a granite and metamorphic rock country, while the rest of it overlies Carboniferous rocks, principally limestone. The northern portion is deep, the southern shallow, and through the whole of it are scattered numerous islands which, in the former part, are generally composed of Boulder-clay, while those in the latter portion are nearly always rock. Its known natural outlets are two, one being over the barrier of metamorphic rocks at Galway (U on Map, Pl. XIX), and the other subterranean passage south of Castlegar (T on Map, Pl. XIX). On all sides of the lake are rocks extending under it, or, to use Professor Ramsay's term, it lies in a “Rock-basin.” What excavated this Rock-basin? I propose in this paper to consider.

Author(s):  
Alex Maltman

We come now to the metamorphic rocks, the result of modifications to already existing rock. I’m well aware that this can all seem a bit mysterious. After all, no one has ever seen the changes take place; no one has ever witnessed a metamorphic rock form—the processes are imperceptibly slow, and they happen deep in the Earth’s crust, way out of sight. Why should these changes happen? Well, they are primarily driven by increases in pressure and temperature, so we begin with a look at these two factors. There are sites in the Earth’s crust where material becomes progressively buried. It happens, for example, where a tectonic plate is driving underneath another one, taking rocks ever deeper as it descends. It can happen in the central area of a plate that is stretching and sagging, allowing thick accumulations of sediment. It’s pretty self-evident that as buried material gets deeper, because of the growing weight of rocks above bearing down due to gravity, it becomes subjected to increasing burial pressure. Less intuitive, though, is the fact that this pressure acts on a volume of rock equally in all directions. Imagine a small volume of rock at depth. It’s bearing the weight of the rocks above it, and so it responds by trying to move downward and to spread out laterally. Of course, it can’t because it’s constrained all around by other volumes of rock that are trying to do exactly the same thing. And so the downward gravity is translated into an all-around pressure. It’s the same effect as diving down to the bottom of a swimming pool. You feel the increased pressure owing to the weight of water above, but you feel it equally in all directions. All-round pressure like this can cause things to change in volume, through changing their density, but it can’t change their shape. However, there can be another kind of pressure as well, and this does have direction, and it can cause change of shape. In the Earth, we call it tectonic stress. It comes about through heat-driven motions in the Earth, including the movement of tectonic plates.


1970 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Md Rahat Hossain ◽  
Ismail Hossain ◽  
ASM Zahid Hossain ◽  
Prodip Kumar Biswas

The present study deals with petrology of the detrital gravelly rocks from Bhajanpur area, Panchagarh, Bangladesh. The results of detailed petrography of gravelly rocks indicate the presence of quartz (monocrystalline and polycrystalline quartz), K-feldspar, plagioclase, chlorite, muscovite and biotite as major mineralogical compositions. Other minor minerals are garnet, kyanite, graphite and opaque minerals. Based on definitive mineral assemblages, blueschist and greenschist facies sequences are recognized. Correspondingly, index minerals provide chlorite zone, biotite zone, garnet zone, kyanite zone, and graphite zone. The P-T conditions of the studied rocks demonstrate the possible temperature ranges 300-550°C and pressure ranges 2-10 kbar. Most common varieties of metamorphic rocks in the study area are garnet mica schist, chlorite schist, gneiss and few quartzites. Characteristics of garnet mica schist and chlorite schist are equivalent with the lesser Himalayan metamorphic rock sequence in Sikkim area, whereas gneiss from Bhajanpur area has similar precursor as Darjeeling gneiss. Therefore, the sources of detrital metamorphic rocks in Bhajanpur area obviously come from the lesser Himalayan sequence in Sikkim and Darjeeling areas, India. Key words: Petrology; metamorphic rocks; gravels; P-T conditions; Panchagarh; lesser Himalayan sequence DOI: 10.3329/jles.v5i0.7357 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 5: 91-96, 2010


1954 ◽  
Vol S6-IV (4-6) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Jean Laporte

Abstract The metamorphic rocks outcropping around Ersa and Centuri in the northwestern part of Corse cape on Corsica, France, may possibly be the more highly metamorphosed equivalents (including retrograde products) of the other rocks forming the cape.


Geophysics ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 690-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott B. Smithson

Although metamorphic rocks comprise a large part of the crystalline crust, relatively few data concerning metamorphic rock densities are available. In this paper, we present rock densities from seven different metamorphic terrains. Mean densities for rock types range from [Formula: see text] for biotite granite gneiss to [Formula: see text] for diopside granofels. Mean rock densities for metamorphic terrains range from 2.70 to [Formula: see text]. Rock density may decrease in the lower part of the upper crust. Most mean rock densities for metamorphic terrains fall between 2.70 and [Formula: see text]; the mean density of [Formula: see text] commonly used for the upper crystalline crust is too low.


1868 ◽  
Vol 5 (50) ◽  
pp. 347-349
Author(s):  
Harry G. Seeley

In the Geological Magazine, 1864, Vol. I. p. 150, and 1865, Vol. II. p. 529, two papers of mine appeared upon the strata at Ely. In them, as briefly as might be, are given the sequence of the beds from the Chalk to the Kimmeridge-clay, and the relations of these beds to the Boulder-clay and Kimmeridge-clay on the other side of the pit, where, on all hands, it is allowed to be in situ.


1865 ◽  
Vol 2 (16) ◽  
pp. 442-443
Author(s):  
G. Henry Kinahan

‘The Coal-measure hills that form the outer margin of the Castlecomer table-land are generally covered with local drift; but the drift on nearly all the other Coal-measure hills is largely composed of limestone, even on the top of hills 700 feet high. What is most remarkable, however, is that in some places there are valleys and plains not more than 400 feet above the sea without a particle of limestone-drift on them, while hills in their vicinity are covered with it’.In sinking the various pits in the Queen's County Collieries, a Stratified Drift was found under some of this Boulder-clay. When the place was visited, none of these sections could be examined; but fortunately a record of each was kept in the ‘bore-books’ that are in the possession of the different agents and proprietors.


1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. O. CHUDE ◽  
G. O. OBIGBESAN ◽  
N. E. EGBE

A study was conducted to determine the content and distribution of total 1.0 M NH4OAc-, 0.1 M HCl-, 1 M MgCl2-, and 0.005 M DTPA-extractable Zn in the genetic horizons of 16 soil profiles from major cacao-growing areas in Southwestern Nigeria. The content of total Zn for all the soils varied from 12 to 92 μg/g with soils derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks containing more than those of sedimentary origin. Most of the soils had the highest concentration of total Zn in the surface horizons. There was a strong association between total Zn and organic matter, total Zn and silt/clay content. The 1 M NH4OAc-, 0.1 M NCl-, 1 M MgCl2- and 0.005 M DTPA-extractable Zn in all the soils and horizons varied from 0.17 to 5.6, from 0.06 to 2.37, from 0.20 to 1.20 and from 0.022 to 1.14 μg Zn/g, respectively. The NH4OAc generally removed more Zn than the other three extractants. The amount of Zn extracted showed a general decrease with depth. A significant amount of MgCl2-extractable Zn appeared to be associated with silt content while soil pH influenced the quantity of Zn extracted by the NH4OAc method. Key words: Total Zn, NH4OAc-extractable N, HCl-extractable N, MgCl2-extractable N, DTPA-extractable Zn, soil profile


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Muhammad Resky Ariansyah ◽  
Muhammad Fawzy Ismullah Massinai ◽  
Muhammad Altin Massinai

Anabanua Village, Barru Regency is one of the areas in South Sulawesi that has quite unique geological conditions. This condition inseparably comes from the complicated geological process that took place during the formation of the island, Sulawesi. In Anabanua Village, there are many types of rocks such as sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks. This paper aims to map and classify the types of rock by taking samples on different places in the research area. Then we observe the samples physical properties. The results showed, from taking 10 rock samples in different places, they have various characteristics. 8 of them were sedimentary rocks, they are Limestone Quartz, Limestone Sand, Shale, Sandstone, Coal, Limestone Bioturbation, Breccia, and Chert Stone. The other 2 samples were metamorphic rocks, they are Greenschist and Quartzite.


2003 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco José Fonseca Ferreira ◽  
Raimundo Almeida Filho ◽  
Francisco Valdyr Da Silva

O complexo máfico/ultramáfico Campo Formoso, no estado da Bahia, é constituído por rochas metamórficas de alto grau, derivadas de peridotitos e piroxenitos do Proterozóico Inferior. Em superfície, ele estende-se por cerca de 40 km, com larguras variando entre 100 e 1.100 metros. A despeito de encerrar as mais importantes mineralizações de cromo conhecidas no Brasil, os conhecimentos geológicos sobre o complexo ainda são bastante limitados. O profundo intemperismo e a presença de coberturas aluviais e coluviais dificultam o mapeamento geológico dessas rochas. Estimativas sobre largura e espessura do complexo em subsuperfície são importantes, visto que, por tratar-se de um corpo estratiforme, níveis mineralizados em superfície podem prolongar-se até grandes profundidades. Neste estudo, dados aeromagnéticos são analisados visando a obter informações sobre a extensão do complexo em subsuperfície. Para isso, um método interativo de modelagem de corpos magnéticos tabulares por processo de inversão foi empregado em uma área selecionada, onde ocorrem alguns dos mais importantes depósitos de cromo conhecidos no complexo. A técnica de modelagem empregada permite o cálculo de parâmetros tais como mergulho, largura e espessura de corpos de geometria simples, magnetizados por indução, remanência, ou ambos. O algoritmo empregado usa valores iniciais para cada parâmetro do corpo a ser modelado, os quais podem ser modificados pelo analista, de modo a incorporar dados reais. Esses dados são manipulados interativamente na busca de um "melhor ajuste", de modo que os parâmetros ajustados caiam dentro de limites de tolerância especificados pelo usuário. A qualidade do ajuste é medida pela relação da soma ponderada dos desvios quadráticos entre valores observados e calculados. Tomando-se como base a geologia da área de estudo, selecionou-se o modelo de dique espesso finito tabular 2 (2¾-D) como o mais apropriado para representar o complexo. Os resultados de modelagens em três perfis indicaram corpos magnéticos com larguras variando entre 264 e 374 metros, espessuras entre 432 e 470 metros e mergulhos entre 52o e 68o para SE. MODELING AIRBORNE MAGNETIC DATA TO ESTIMATE WIDTH AND THICKNESS OF THE MAFIC/ULTRAMAFIC COMPLEX OF CAMPO FORMOSO, BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL Abstract The Campo Formoso complex is located in the Bahia State, in the northeastern part of Brazil. The complex comprises high-grade metamorphic rocks derived from peridotite and pyroxenite of Early Proterozoic age. Mafic/ultramafic rocks cover an area approximately 40 km long and 100 to 1100 m wide, with a general NE-SW direction, dipping to the southeast. This complex hosts the most important chromium deposit of Brazil. This deposit occurs in the southern portion of the complex which makes up a lower structural block, better preserved by the erosion than the northern portion. In spite of its economic importance, geological knowledge of the complex is still very limited. The deep weathering of the mafic/ultramafic rocks and the presence of alluvial and colluvial deposits difficult geological mapping. It is a stratiform complex and the mineralized layers may extend down to great depths. Therefore it is important do know the width and thickness of its rocks in subsurface. In this study airborne magnetic data were analyzed to obtain information of the subsurface extent of the Campo Formoso complex. In order to do that an interactive modeling method of tabular magnetic bodies with inversion process was applied in a selected area of the southern portion of the complex. The used model calculates depth, thickness, and dip of a simple geometry body, magnetized by induction, remanence, or both. This procedure helps to find the best possible match between a theoretical anomaly and a given set of magnetic data. The best fit is found when the adjusted parameters fall within a user-specified tolerance of values which minimize the weighted sum of squared deviations between the observed and the theoretical magnetic anomaly. When a set of parameters satisfies the best-fit criterion, confidence ranges are calculated for all parameters. According to geological data, the best model assumed for the ore body was a thick, flat-topped dyke of finite strike length 2 (2¾-D) and a finite variable depth extent. The modeling results of three profiles of the study area indicate magnetized bodies varying width from 264 to 374 m, thickness from 432 to 473m, and dipping from 52o to 68o SE.


Author(s):  
R. A. Howie

SummaryChemical analyses, cell parameters, and optical properties are presented for seven Scottish orthopyroxenes: four from Harris, two from Scourie, and one from Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire. The compositions range from En83·6 to En55·5. Six of the orthopyroxenes are from pyroxene granulites or related rocks and the other is from a plagioclase-hypersthene hornfels: the latter mineral is notable in having 7·21% Al2O3, causing a considerable contraction in the a and b cell parameters. The alumina content of orthopyroxenes is briefly discussed. Analyses are also given for olivine and diopsidic augite from a South Harris ultrabasic gneiss and for two enderbitic pyroxene gneisses from Scourie.


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