Efektifitas Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L) Sebagai Antibakteri Terhadap Escherichia Coli (E.Coli) dan Biosorben Terhadap Logam Cd dalam Air Menggunakan Aktivator Asam Nitrat (HNO3)

Seiring perkembangan industri di Indonesia, maka pencemaran oleh industri pun mengalami peningkatan secara tajam. Bahan pencemar dapat berupa bahan mikrobiologi maupun kimia. Penelitian Ini bertujuan Untuk mengatahui pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak kulit buah kakao (Theobroma Cacao L) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia Coli dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi biosorben kulit buah kakao terhadap penurunan Logam Cd dalam Air. Ekstrak kulit buah kakao diperoleh dari proses ektraksi dengan metode maserasi dan pelarut etanol 96%, kemudian dipekatkan dengan alat rotary evaporator. Ekstrak kulit buah kakao mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri yaitu pada uji anti bakteri masing-masing ekstrak dengan konsentrasi 0%, 25%, 50% dan 75% menghasilkan zona hambat 0 mm, 9 mm, 13 mm dan 22 mm. Semakin besar konsentrasi ekstrak yang dikontakkan pada bakteri E.coli, maka semakin besar pula daya hambat terhadap bakteri E.Coli. Biosorben kulit buah kakao diaktivasi dengan HNO3 0,6 N. Biosorben dengan massa 1 gram, 5 gram dan 10 gram mampu menyerap Cd pada limbah yaitu masing-masing menyerap sebesar 0,5875 mg/L, 2,3038 mg/L dan 2,6183 mg/L dari konsentrasi awal limbah yaitu 3,4250 mg/L. Efektifitas penyerapan yaitu sebesar 17,15%, 67,26% dan 76,45%. Semakin besar konsentrasi ekstrak kulit buah kakao, maka semakin besar pula daya serap terhadap logam Cd yang terkandung dalam air.

Analisis Mineralogi dan Kimia Dolomit Kabupaten Bone Bolango, Provinsi Gorontalo

Characterization of dolomite samples from Bone Bolango, Gorontalo Province have been performed with the objective to find out their mineralogical and chemical compositions. Observation and mineral analyses were carried out by means of microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods respectively; whereas chemical composition was determined by using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Result of XRD analysis shows that samples contain dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2], calcite [CaCO3] and [SiO2]. The proportion of dolomite is about 60.4% in average and its presence is as replacement of calcite in bioclast components and matrices in the rock. Dolomite crystals are characterized by mosaic texture with euhedral – subhedral in shapes. Spacially, dolomite content increase from west to the east of study area. The XRF analysis reveals that dolomite samples contain MgO ranging between 8.07 and 20.78% while CaO ranges between 30.04 and 56.13%. The SiO2 concentration ranges from 3.50 – 7.55%; whereas Al2O3 ranges from 1.07 – 1.84%. The average MgO content of dolomite about 12.89% can be categorized as calcium dolomite. Dolomite within the study area can be used directly in agriculture sector, but it less suitable as raw materials in glass, ceramic and refractory industries because the average content of MgO is less than 17%. However, it can be increased of their MgO with the application of selective mining or beneficiation process.

Relationship Of Tectonic Activity To The Geomorphic Evolution In Banjarnegara Regency Central Java, Indonesia

Hipotesa lempeng tektonik memberikan wawasan baru tentang interpretasi sejarah geomorfik Kabupaten Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Bentang alam adalah akibat dari proses endogenik dan eksogenik. Peristiwa tersebut terjadi di daerah aktif tektonik, di mana proses tektonik mengakibatkan adanya pengangkatan dan pembentukan relief, sementara erosi bertanggung jawab atas penggundulan bantuan. Morfologi pada daerah penelitian dikelompokkan menjadi undulating hill step dan undulating hills. Berdasarkan geologi regional, wilayah penelitian termasuk pada struktur tektonik dan geologi yang kompleks. Dengan demikian, proses terbentuk akibat dari deformasi litologi seperti kompleks Melange dan struktur regional mayoritas dari arah Barat Laut ke Tenggara.

Paragenesis Prospek Endapan Bijih Besi Daerah Tanjung Kecamatan Bontocani Kabupaten Bone, Sulawesi Selatan

Iron ore is the second most abundant metal on earth. The characteristics of this iron ore usually consist of iron ore carrier minerals associated with other minerals. One area that has iron ore prospects is the Tanjung area, Bontocani District, Bone Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of iron ore carrier minerals and their associations, mineralization characteristics and paragenesis of iron ore carrier minerals. The data collection technique is carried out directly in the field by taking random samples in the field according to field conditions. Laboratory analysis uses mineragraphic analysis to determine iron ore carrier minerals and their associated minerals and X-Ray Diffraction analysis to determine iron ore carrier minerals that are not identified by mineragraphic analysis. From the results of the study found iron ore carrier minerals magnetite, goethite and hematite and their associated minerals in the form of sulfide minerals in the form of pyrite, covelite and braunite. The iron ore textures found are replacement and intergrowth textures. Paragenesis of mineral deposits formed successively are magnetite, hematite, pyrite, cuprite, braunite and goethite.

Korelasi Point Load Index dan Uniaxial Compressive Strength pada Satuan Batupasir dan Batulempung Formasi Latih untuk Penentuan Koefisien Kekuatan Batuan di Pit X Tambang Batubara PT Berau Coal, Kalimantan Timur

Physical and mechanical properties of rock for engineering purposes are indispensable for any civil/construction, mining and other engineering requirment. The results of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) test are very much needed in various geotechnical analyzes or engineering, in particular in the mining industry in relation to the calculation of the pit slope design and other mining infrastructure. Rock samples used in this study were obtained from the results of geotechnical drilling (full core drilling). The rock engineering properties test to obtain UCS and PLI values was carried out in the laboratory. Testing the rock hardness index using the point load index (PLI) can be done more quickly, cheaply, practically and can use rock samples with a variety of sample shapes. The focus and object of the research are mudstone and sandstone units as part of the Lati Formation. These two types of layers are the most dominant rock types as a constituent of the pit slopes in the research area. To ensure that the correlation results are in accordance with the rules of scientific research, the distribution of UCS and PLI data from laboratory test results is verified using a statistical approach / testing. Correlation and analysis between the two rock engineering properties test results are very useful for geotechnical analysis data input. The coefficient or constant values obtained can be used to determine the rock strength values used in various geotechnical analyzes so that the analysis can be carried out more efficiently, effectively and quickly and can support geotechnical engineering work.