The Golden Priesthood and the Leaden State. A Note on the Influence of a Work Sometimes Ascribed to St. Ambrose: The Sermo de Dignitate Sacerdotali

1957 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Huntston Williams
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Divine Grace ◽  
Pastoral Letter ◽  
Henry Iv ◽  
The Difference ◽  
William The Conqueror ◽  
Made In

The cosmic imagery whereby Innocent III likened the Papacy to the sun and the Empire to the moon has been traced before. The purpose of the present inquiry is to examine Gregory VII's scarcely less striking comparison of the sacerdotium to gold and the regnum to lead in three letters, two to Bishop Hermann of Metz and one to William the Conqueror. The comparison is made in its simplest form in the first letter to Hermann in 1076, wherein Pope Gregory in reference to Henry IV and his counsellors writes as follows:Perchance they imagine that the royal dignity is higher than that of bishops; but how great the difference between them is, they may learn from the difference in their origins. The former came from human lust of power; the latter was instituted by divine grace. The former constantly strives after vain glory; the latter aspires ever toward the heavenly life. Let them learn … how St. Ambrose in his pastoral letter distinguished between them. He said: “If you compare the episcopal dignity with the splendor of kings and the crowns of princes, these are far more inferior to it than the metal lead is to splendorous gold.”

scholarly journals XXXIV. Observations on the transit of Ve­nus, June the 6th, 1761, made in Spital-Square; the longitude of which is 4' 11" west of the Royal Observatory at Green­wich, and the latitude 51° 31' 15" north

1761 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 182-183
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Made In

Having measured the diameter of Venus, on the sun, three times, with the object-glass micrometer, the mean was found to be 58 seconds; and but 6/10 of a second, the difference of the extremes.

Ibn al-Ḥadib’s Tables for Finding True Syzygy

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-446
Author(s):  
Bernard R. Goldstein ◽  
José Chabás
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Important Work ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Middle Ages

Isaac ben Solomon Ibn al-Ḥadib (or al-Aḥdab) emigrated from Castile to Sicily no later than 1396. In astronomy, his most important work, written in Hebrew, is The paved way ( Oraḥ selula), a set of tables for the motions of the Sun and the Moon. Here, we focus attention on his unusual tables for finding the difference in time and the difference in longitude between mean and true syzygy, where syzygy refers to the conjunction and opposition of the Sun and the Moon. It is shown that he took into account the effect of Ptolemy’s second lunar model on the velocity of the Moon at syzygy, which was done by very few astronomers in the Middle Ages. It is also noteworthy that he took some parameters from the zij of al-Battānī and others from the Parisian Alfonsine Tables, using them inconsistently in these tables.

scholarly journals Variations in EUV Irradiance: Comparison between LYRA, ESP, and SWAP Integrated Flux

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Sarp Yalim ◽  
Stefaan Poedts
Keyword(s):  
Solar Disk ◽  
Extreme Ultraviolet ◽  
Coronal Holes ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
Active Pixel ◽  
Observation Instruments ◽  
The Difference

The Sun Watcher Using Active Pixel System Detector and Image Processing (SWAP) telescope and Large Yield Radiometer (LYRA) are the two Sun observation instruments on-board PROBA2. SWAP extreme ultraviolet images, if presented in terms of the integrated flux over solar disk, in general, correlate well with LYRA channel 2–4 (zirconium filter) and channels QD and 18 of EVE/ESP on-board SDO between 2010 and 2013. Hence, SWAP can be considered as an additional radiometric channel. We compare in detail LYRA channel 2–4 and SWAP integrated flux in July 2010 and in particular during the solar eclipse that occurred on July 11, 2010. During this eclipse, the discrepancy between the two data channels can be explained to be related to the occultation of active region 11087 by the Moon. In the second half of July 2010, LYRA channel 2–4 and SWAP integrated flux deviate from each other, but these differences can also be explained in terms of features appearing on the solar disk such as coronal holes and active regions. By additionally comparing with timeline of EVE/ESP, we can preliminarily interpret these differences in terms of the difference between the broad bandpass of LYRA channel 2–4 and the, relatively speaking, narrower bandpass of SWAP.

Celestial Orientation of Fowler's Toad b uFo Fowleri

Behaviour ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hobart F. Landreth ◽  
Denzel E. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Site ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Simultaneous Testing ◽  
Celestial Orientation ◽  
Fowler's Toad ◽  
Clock Mechanism ◽  
Made In

AbstractYoung Fowler's toads from on and near the shores of a lake were tested in a circular pen 60 feet in diameter. Under a variety of conditions (e.g. including group tests, individual tests, simultaneous testing of two groups from different shores, long distance displacement, and transit to the test pen both in view of the sky and in lightproof containers), the toads oriented under the sun to a compass direction (Y-axis) corresponding to a line bisecting the home shoreline at right angles. This orientation persisted after 72 hours in darkness, indicating the existence of an internal clock mechanism. Reorientation to a new shore was evident in 24 hours and was virtually complete after 48 hours. Orientation failed or was partially inhibited in small toads tested under dense cloud cover, at noon, and after sunset. Also, the type of orientation exhibited under the sun was evident at night under the moon, but to a lesser extent under starry skies. These mechanisms are useful in foraging and in dispersal from nursery shores. Adults are oriented at night to the breeding site even without benefit of a chorus for reference. Adults oriented to the Y-axis of the breeding site. A recorded chorus distracted migrating adults pursuing a compass course toward a pond. Non-breeding adults compensated for a displacement made in view of the sun. Celestial orientation is considered a basic orientational mechanism which most likely developed early in anuran history.

scholarly journals The moon phases influence on the beginning of astronomical dawn determination in Yogyakarta

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Abu Yazid Raisal ◽  
Yudhiakto Pramudya ◽  
Okimustava Okimustava ◽  
Muchlas Muchlas
Keyword(s):  
Full Moon ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Moon Phases ◽  
Brightness Level ◽  
Sky Brightness ◽  
New Moon ◽  
The Difference

<p class="Abstract">In astronomy, there are three types of dawn. They are astronomical, nautical, and civil dawn. The sunlight is starting to appear on the east horizon when the Sun altitude is 18<sup>o</sup> below the horizon. Hence, there is a change on the sky brightness. The sky brightness can be affected by the moon phases. The sky brightness level is monitored by Sky Quality Meter (SQM). The SQM was installed upward to the zenith. There are 4 locations of measurement in Yogyakarta. The data has been collected for nine months to obtain the complete moon phases. The beginning of astronomical dawn is time when the sky brightness level is starting to decrease. The moving average algorithm was employed to determine the beginning of astronomical dawn. The time when the astronomical dawn begins is compared with the sun altitude calculation. The sun altitude calculation has been done using accurate times software. The difference of the beginning of astronomical dawn by measurement and calculation are 18.61±6.81 minutes, 19.12±3.28 minutes, 31.12±7.76 minutes, and 27.24±8.04 minutes, on the new moon (0), on the first quarter (0.25), on the full moon (0.5) and on the last quarter (0.75), respectively. The weather condition is also contributing to the results.</p>

scholarly journals Relativistic positioning: including the influence of the gravitational action of the Sun and the Moon and the Earth’s oblateness on Galileo satellites

2021 ◽  
Vol 366 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neus Puchades Colmenero ◽  
José Vicente Arnau Córdoba ◽  
Màrius Josep Fullana i Alfonso
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Satellite Orbits ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Schwarzschild Metric ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Positioning Errors ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Realistic Description ◽  
The Difference

AbstractUncertainties in the satellite world lines lead to dominant positioning errors. In the present work, using the approach presented in Puchades and Sáez (Astrophys. Space Sci. 352, 307–320, 2014), a new analysis of these errors is developed inside a great region surrounding Earth. This analysis is performed in the framework of the so-called Relativistic Positioning Systems (RPS). Schwarzschild metric is used to describe the satellite orbits corresponding to the Galileo Satellites Constellation. Those orbits are circular with the Earth as their centre. They are defined as the nominal orbits. The satellite orbits are not circular due to the perturbations they have and to achieve a more realistic description such perturbations need to be taken into account. In Puchades and Sáez (Astrophys. Space Sci. 352, 307–320, 2014) perturbations of the nominal orbits were statistically simulated. Using the formula from Coll et al. (Class. Quantum Gravity. 27, 065013, 2010) a user location is determined with the four satellites proper times that the user receives and with the satellite world lines. This formula can be used with any satellite description, although photons need to travel in a Minkowskian space-time. For our purposes, the computation of the photon geodesics in Minkowski space-time is sufficient as demonstrated in Puchades and Sáez (Adv. Space Res. 57, 499–508, 2016). The difference of the user position determined with the nominal and the perturbed satellite orbits is computed. This difference is defined as the U-error. Now we compute the perturbed orbits of the satellites considering a metric that takes into account the gravitational effects of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun and also the Earth oblateness. A study of the satellite orbits in this new metric is first introduced. Then we compute the U-errors comparing the positions given with the Schwarzschild metric and the metric introduced here. A Runge-Kutta method is used to solve the satellite geodesic equations. Some improvements in the computation of the U-errors using both metrics are introduced with respect to our previous works. Conclusions and perspectives are also presented.

scholarly journals A letter from the Rev. Mr. Richard Dunthorne to the Reverend Mr. Richard Mason F. R. S. and Keeper of the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge, concerning the acceleration of the Moon

1750 ◽  
Vol 46 (492) ◽  
pp. 162-172 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Good Number ◽  
Made In

Sir, After I had compared a good Number of modern Observation made in different Situations of the Moon and of her Orbit in respect of the Sun, with the Newtonian Theory, as in my Letter of Nov. 4, 1746;

A method for observing the eclipses of the moon, free from the common inconveniencies, as it was left by the learned Mr. Rook, late Gresham-Professor of Geometry

1665 ◽  
Vol 1 (22) ◽  
pp. 388-390
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Made In

Eclipses of the moon are observed for two principal ends; one astronomical, that by comparing observations with calculations, the Theory of the moons motion may be perfected, and the tables thereof reformed: the other, geographical, that by comparing among themselves the observations of the same ecliptick phases, made in divers places, the difference of meridians or longitudes of those places may be discerned.

scholarly journals XXX. Of the geographical situation of the Three Presidencies, Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, in the East Indies

1822 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 408-430
Keyword(s):  
Small Error ◽  
The State ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Correct Information ◽  
Satellites Of Jupiter ◽  
The Difference ◽  
General Difference ◽  
Distant Part

In the present advanced state of knowledge it may be useless to dwell upon the importance to navigation, as well as to general geography, of correct information relative to the latitudes and longitudes of the principal places on the surface of our globe. The ease with which the situation of a place on the meridian is obtained, for general purposes, is well known, and the comparative difficulty of ascertaining the distance, east or west, from a given meridian is equally so, particularly where that meridian is a quarter of the globe distant, which is the case as relates to India. Having, however, one point correctly determined, the situations of others, at moderate distances from it, may be come at with greater facility; either by chronometers, by correspondent observations, or, where places are on the same continent, by actual survey. One of the best methods of determining the position of a point, thus distant from the first meridian, is by eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter. Correspondent observations of eclipses of the sun, of the moon, or of occultations, happen but seldom, and the method by the moon's transit requires, that the position of that luminary should be correctly set down in the Tables; or, in the case of correspondent transits, that the instruments at both places should be most accurately placed in the meridian, and the transits taken with the least possible error of observation; as only a very small error in the Tables, or in the observed place of the moon, may produce a considerable one in the result. But eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter occur often, and correspondent ones with those taken at Greenwich, are not very unfrequent, even in this distant part of the globe. The observations taken at Greenwich also show the difference or error of the Tables, and consequently, the error of the longitude deduced from them. Errors also which may arise from a difference in the powers of the telescopes, and in the eyes of observers, as well as from a general difference in the state of the atmosphere, may be counterbalanced by taking a series of these eclipses, consisting of immersions as well as emersions.

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