The Application of Computers to Life Assurance.

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 210-227
Author(s):  
T. B. Boss ◽  
K. H. Allen ◽  
A. C. Baker ◽  
D. W. Brackfield ◽  
R. B. Colbran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Study Groups ◽  
National Physical Laboratory ◽  
Computer Study ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Physical Laboratory

This report summarizes the conclusions reached and difficulties encountered by Group E in the discussions held over the past 4 years. It is thus an amplification and extention of the report made to a meeting of the various computer Study Groups held on 27 May 1957.The Group consists mainly of actuaries employed by ordinary life assurance offices (some composite and some purely life). The Chairman is a member of the Mathematics Division of the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington. The Group has been joined from time to time by representatives of computer manufacturers and other visitors.

12.—The National Physical Laboratory—Aspects of work on the primary standards of measurement

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 125-141
Author(s):  
J. V. Dunworth ◽  
P. Dean
Keyword(s):  
National Physical Laboratory ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
Velocity Of Light ◽  
Physical Laboratory ◽  
The Future ◽  
Primary Standards ◽  
Infrared Frequencies ◽  
Very High

One of the traditional activities of the National Physical Laboratory is its work on the maintenance and improvement of the primary standards of measurement. Although one may possibly visualise such work, because of its long history and its association with calibration services, as of a largely routine character, this is certainly far from the case at the present time. The present is a period of considerable activity and change in fundamental metrology, with the classical material standards of measurement being superseded by atomic or quantum standards. The past decade has seen a change to atomic standards for the units of length and time, and there seems little doubt that the future will see an extension of atomic-based standards to other areas, notably that of the electrical quantities. Some of the changes which may come about as a consequence of adopting the most accurate and convenient quantum methods have interesting implications. For example, a possible outcome of the new techniques being developed for the accurate measurement of very high (infrared) frequencies is that the standards of length and time may become unified, with the velocity of light taking the role of an agreed defined constant rather than an experimentally determinable quantity.

The Measurement of Errors in Gears for Turbine Reduction Drives

1947 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 418-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Timms
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Tools ◽  
National Physical Laboratory ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gear Cutting ◽  
Physical Laboratory ◽  
Gear Hobbing ◽  
Portable Instruments ◽  
The Relationship

The paper forms a review of the work carried out during the past six years at the National Physical Laboratory in connexion with the development of methods for measuring the errors of large gears for turbine reduction drives by means of a series of portable instruments. The relationship between these errors and the inaccuracies of gear-hobbing machines and gear-cutting hobs is discussed. Methods of determining these inaccuracies are described, together with information showing the improvements which have taken place in the accuracy of these machines and cutting tools resulting from the applications of the methods of testing.

scholarly journals VIII. Gaseous combustion at medium pressures. Part I. —Carbon monoxide air explosions in a closed vessel. Part II. —Methane-air explosions in a closed vessel

1926 ◽  
Vol 225 (626-635) ◽  
pp. 331-356 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
National Physical Laboratory ◽  
Closed Vessel ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Laboratory ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Air Explosion

During the past five years a programme of research involving air-fuel explosions in a closed vessel has been in progress at the National Physical Laboratory for the Engineering Research Board of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Among the experimental results obtained, those relating to Carbon Monoxide and Methane were considered likely to be of interest to the Society, and form the subject of the present communication. Of the two investigations described, the first gives experimental data on the respective influences of hydrogen-air and water vapour on a carbon monoxide-air explosion, and the second relates to explosions of methane and air over a comparatively wide range of initial temperature and pressure.

The Uses of the ACE Computor

1955 ◽  
Vol 59 (532) ◽  
pp. 279-281
Author(s):  
E. T. Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
National Physical Laboratory ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pilot Model ◽  
Physical Laboratory ◽  
Chief Interest ◽  
Automatic Computing

When I accepted the invitation to give a lecture on “The Uses of the ACE Computor” my first thought was to ask for the title to be corrected. The “ACE” as such has yet to be built and the machine that has been in use in the Mathematics Division of the National Physical Laboratory is a pilot model. However, to an audience whose chief interest is in aeronautics, the ambiguity of a title including the phrase “Pilot ACE” probably outweighs the advantage of its accuracy.As its name implies, the Pilot Ace was built,at the N.P.L., with the intention of testing out the practicability of various ideas in the design of a full scale automatic computing engine, or ACE as it was called. The over-riding consideration was economy of equipment but, despite the rudimentary nature of the facilities provided on the machine, it was found to be a fast and powerful computor and has been fully and successfully employed for the past three years on a 13 hour basis.

The Effect of the 1965 Finance Act on General Insurance and Ordinary Life Assurance Business.

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 37-70
Author(s):  
W. R. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
General Insurance ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Insurance Business

This paper is not intended to be a fully comprehensive survey of the taxation of insurance business. Rather it is meant to highlight some of the aspects of the taxation of this business which have been affected by the 1965 Finance Act and which should now, I think, be influencing our thinking as regards the transacting of insurance from both the shareholders' and the policyholders' point of view. Despite the splendid efforts of both the Life Offices' and British Insurance Associations during the past year, not all these changes have had the publicity which might have been expected after a normal Finance Act. I have dealt with general insurance and ordinary life assurance separately and, although the paper is written from a proprietary office's point of view, most of it is equally applicable to a mutual office. Neither have I dealt specifically with industrial life business, but I believe that most of the paper applies to this as well.

scholarly journals Address of the President, Sir Ernest Rutherford, O. M., at the anniversary meeting, December 1, 1930

1931 ◽  
Vol 107 (752) ◽  
pp. 348-368
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Great Part ◽  
National Physical Laboratory ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Indirect Benefit ◽  
Ernest Rutherford ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Laboratory ◽  
Scientific Objects ◽  
Foreign Member

At this, our Annual Meeting, we are naturally conscious of the severe losses in our ranks in the course of the year. We have to deplore the removal by death of some of the best known and most valued Fellows, including Lord Balfour and Sir William McCormick, elected under Statute 12, Professor Le Bel, Foreign Member, and twelve Fellows of the Society. The death of the Earl of Balfour at the age of 82 removed from our midst a public figure of the first magnitude. Although Balfour's activities covered a wide field, and although a great part of his career he carried heavy responsibilities in guiding the affairs of the Nation, science was always with him a topic of primary interest. If he cannot be said to have made original contributions to scientific knowledge himself, there can be no doubt that his championship of the cause of science was of the greatest indirect benefit. As First Lord of the Treasury in 1900, he did much to help forward the scheme for the National Physical Laboratory, in which his brother-in-Law, Lord Rayleigh was interesting himself. He was constantly called upon to preside, or to speak, at meetings for the furtherance of scientific objects, or the commemoration of the great scientific careers of the past, and seldom failed to add distinction to such occasions. He may indeed be regarded as a chief interpreter of science to the English public during his generation. He was President of the British Association at Cambridge in 1904. He was elected to the Royal Society under Statute 12, as early as 1888, at the age of 40 years. He served on the Council in 1907-08 and again in 1912-14. But, perhaps, his chief work for science was the Minister responsible for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and for the Medical Research Council. Of the latter body he acted as chairman until the onset of his illness. He watched the scientific interests under these departments with close personal attention, and did much to establish them on a permanent basis. Finally, to him was due the Committee of Civil Research, complementary to his order creation of the Committee of Imperial Defence. He was Chancellor of the Universities of Cambridge and Edinburgh, and President of the British Academy. His is a place which will not easily be filled.

scholarly journals Iron of high purity

1935 ◽  
Vol 153 (878) ◽  
pp. 172-200 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
National Physical Laboratory ◽  
The Past ◽  
Oxygen System ◽  
Physical Laboratory ◽  
Metallurgy Department ◽  
Purity Iron ◽  
High Purity Iron ◽  
Commercial Iron ◽  
Made In

During the past eleven years (1925-35) several equilibrium diagrams involving iron as one of the components have been investigated at the National Physical Laboratory. The provision of the numerous alloys required for these researches has necessitated the production of quantities of high purity iron. Tritton and Hanson, when they began work on the iron-oxygen system at the National physical Laboratory, considered that the best commercial iron then obtainable was unsuitable for their work, and in the period 1922-24 prepared iron electronically according to the method of Cain, Schram, and Cleaves. At first the present authors produced iron in a somewhat similar manner, but when improvements in analytical methods revealed impurities in samples originally considered satisfactory, alterations were made in the method of preparation. Comprehensive analyses indicate that the latent batch of iron prepared the authors is very low in impurities, yet the physical properties of this material suggest that some disturbing factor may still be present. The problem is apparently complex and a rapid solution appears unlikely In these circumstances it was thought that the present publication of data concerning several batches of iron prepared at the National Physical Laboratory would serve a useful purpose. In addition to information obtained by the authors, particulars of a batch of iron prepared by Mr. W. E. Prytherch, M. Sc., also of the Metallurgy Department, N. P. L., are included, together with occasional results obtained by older members of tde staff. The results of Tritton and Hanson ( loc. cit .) are omitted, how-ever, as these have already been published.

Life Assurance – Past and Present

1945 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 174-206
Author(s):  
J. Murray Laing
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
Valuation Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
National Insurance ◽  
Premium Rates

SynopsisThe author reviews the progress of the past fifty years from various angles, touching upon changes brought about by the development of mechanical aids and improved valuation methods as affecting work in a life office; the growth of the business in force; changes in the character of the risks underwritten; the trend from With to Without profit Tables and the movement in premium rates.Investment problems; rate of interest and income tax; mortality; extra rating and policy conditions are also discussed.The review of the foregoing has reference to ordinary life assurance, but the author concludes his paper with brief references to industrial assurance and national insurance.

A Method of Using Mechanical Sorting and Tabulating for the Preparation and Issue of Bonus Intimations

1929 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-268
Author(s):  
James Davie ◽  
D. A. B. Scrimgeour
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
Valuation Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
The Individual

The problem of reduction of the work involved in life assurance valuation has long engaged the attention of the actuarial profession. The Z method, Karup's method, and the various short valuation methods have resulted in reduction of the groupings necessary for valuation. There still remains, however, summation of the sums assured, bonuses, premiums, net premiums, Z's etc. etc. of the individual cases forming these groups, and to expedite this work we may have recourse to mechanical methods of sorting and tabulating.These methods have been employed for many years by Life Assurance Offices in the United States and by the large Industrial Offices in this country, but it is only within the past few years that ordinary Life Offices here have begun to adopt them. The number of ordinary Life Offices in this country making use of mechanical methods of sorting and tabulating is still, however, small.

scholarly journals 75th Foundation Day of CSIR-National Physical Laboratory: Celebration of Achievements in Metrology for National Growth

MAPAN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Yadav ◽  
Goutam Mandal ◽  
V. K. Jaiswal ◽  
D. D. Shivagan ◽  
D. K. Aswal
Keyword(s):  
National Physical Laboratory ◽  
Physical Laboratory ◽  
National Growth
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