„ […] macht zugleich Experimente [und] zeigt auch Präparate vor “

This paper investigates the role of scientific objects in early modern academic teaching. From the 17th century onwards, objects have been important both for scientific practices and for instruction. This paper has two parts. It begins with a systematic investigation of the historical development of the use of objects in academic teaching. Practice-oriented academic disciplines like medicine, physics, and biology were the first to integrate a wide range of material objects into their teaching (e. g., taxidermy animals and measuring instruments). The architecture of lecture halls, as they are illustrated in historical etchings, reflects the increasing importance of objects for academic teaching. In these etchings, objects are placed prominently within the lecture area. The use of objects during lectures also had consequences on how teachers organized their lectures and how students arranged their notes. The second part of this paper illustrates this by looking at the use of objects within Rudolf Virchow’s exemplary lectures on pathology from both the teacher’s as well as the students’ perspectives.

Implementasi kartu indonesia pintar di kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah; (1) Untuk mendeskripsikan Impelementasi Kebijakan Kartu Indonesia Pintar di Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara; (2) Untuk mendeskripsikan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Implementasi Kebijakan Kartu Indonesia Pintar di Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang digunakan untuk meneliti pada kondisi objek ilmiah, sebagai lawannya adalah eksperimen, dimana peneliti adalah instrumen kunci, pengumpulan data dilakukan secara tringgulasi (gabungan), analisis data bersifat induktif, dan hasil penelitian lebih menekankan makna dari pada generalisasi. Penelitian ini bertempat di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Adapun hasil dari penelitain ini adalah: (1) Tahapan implementasi kebijakan Kartu Indonesia Pintar belum disosialisasikan kepada sasaran karena belum tersedia dana; (2) Implementasi Kebijkan Kartu Indonesia Pintar di Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara dalam hal kevalidtan data siswa tidak tidak ada koordinasi antara pemerintah daerah dan pusat maupun agen pelaksana; (3) Penyaluran dana belum berjalan secara efektif di karenakan keterlambatan karena sasaran tidak membawa persyaratan pencairan dana dan (4) Bentuk pelaporan dana hanya lisan untuk sanksi pelanggaran penggunan dana belum dijalankan.Kata kunci: Pengelolaan, KIP, Kebijakan, Minahasa Utara Implementation of Smart Indonesian Cards in Southeast Minahasa District. The aim of this research is; (1) To describe the implementation of the Indonesia Smart Card Policy in Southeast Minahasa Regency; (2) To describe the factors that influence the implementation of the Indonesia Smart Card Policy in Southeast Minahasa District. This research uses qualitative methods used to examine the conditions of scientific objects, as opposed to experiments, in which the researcher is the key instrument, data collection is done by triangulation (combined), data analysis is inductive, and the results of the study emphasize meaning rather than generalization. This research took place in North Minahasa Regency. The results of this research are: (1) The stages of implementing the Smart Indonesia Card policy have not been socialized to the target audience because funds are not yet available; (2) The implementation of the Indonesia Smart Card Policy in Southeast Minahasa District, in terms of the validity of student data, there is no coordination between the regional and central governments and implementing agencies; (3) Fund distribution has not been effective due to delays because the target does not carry the requirements for disbursement of funds and (4) The form of reporting of funds is only oral for sanctions for violations of the use of funds has not been implemented.Keywords: Management, KIP, Policy, North Minahasa

The Mapping of Indigenous Knowledge of People at 3T (Frontier, Outermost, and Least Developed) Regions as an Ethnoscience Study

This research intended to map indigenous knowledge of people in the frontier, outermost, and least developed regions or generally referred to as 3T (Terdepan/Frontier, Terluar/Outermost, Tertinggal/Least Developed) regions. This research employed a qualitative research approach through a descriptive method in which an experimental method was performed for mapping the indigenous knowledge. The target mapping area was Papua, Aceh, West Kalimantan, and East Nusa Tenggara. Geographical position, research funding, and time allocation became the main considerations in selecting these areas. The four 3T regions are said to be the most appropriate as the locals remain to believe and apply their indigenous knowledge. The mapping results found that several indigenous knowledge is potentially tested scientifically in labs, they are Bakar Batu, Tanam Sasi, and Honai in Papua; Rumoh Aceh and Batu Nisan in Aceh; Berjuluk Baatutuk and Betang Radang in West Kalimantan; and Ebang and Welang in East Nusa Tenggara. There are numerous traditions found in the research location, yet those that do not have met the criteria of scientific objects, such as myths and legends, were not included. The mapping results were followed by confirming the opinions of prospective science teachers obtained by 85 % of 54 students who were interested in this finding as a study of ethnocentric The research concluded that the indigenous knowledge of people in 3T regions are unique and required to be further examined scientifically and could be reviewed as a source for Ethnoscience course. This research recommendation is that in science learning, especially in the 3T region should pay attention to efforts to change traditional knowledge into scientific knowledge through integrating the mapping of indigenous knowledge as the content of ethnoscience.

The Methodologists: a Unique Category of Scientific Actors

This essay introduces a new analytical category of scientific actors: the methodologists. These actors are distinguished by their tendency to continue to probing scientific objects that their peers consider to be settled. The methodologists are a useful category of actors for science and technology studies (STS) scholars to follow because they reveal contingencies and uncertainties in taken-for-granted science. Identifying methodologists is useful for STS analysts seeking a way into science in moments when it is no longer “in the making” or there is little active controversy. Studying methodologists is also useful for scholars seeking to understand the genesis of scientific controversies, particularly controversies about long-established methods, facts, or premises.

La ciencia como recurso para el desarrollo turístico sostenible de los Archipiélagos Patagónicos

The article analyses the activation of the object “science” on the coast of southern Chile to create a destination for scientific tourism. A territorial resource is “revealed” through the selection and enhancement of scientific objects. A research centre acts as an articulator of the tourism development project and trans‑ forms “generic” resources to “specific” ones. New heritage milestones are created around cultural geographi‑ cal areas and relevant themes for scientists and local actors. New social links and collective dynamics allow the creation and insertion of an emerging tourist destination in the national and international scenario. Giving value to resources for the creation of a sustainable destination is carried out in 5 theoretical stages; selection, justification, conservation, exposure and valorisation. In practice, it requires the formation of a network of actors to clarify the nature of the destination and the marketing of four possible scientific tourism products: scientific and sports explorations, eco‑volunteering or cultural trips with scientific content. In this manner the Patagonian Archipelagos offers products based on scientific resources enhanced by local actors to create a sustainable destination.

Upaya Menurunkan Tingkat Perkawinan Dibawah Umur Terhadap Hak Pendidikan Formal Anak

This research is motivated by underage marriage problems because many children who carry out underage marriages and do not attach importance to education.This research method is descriptive with factual depiction, the data in the form of language and discourse expressions are appropriate and systematic, qualitative research is a research that is used to examine the condition of scientific objects, where the researcher is a key instrument.The results of this study indicate that there are impacts caused by underage marriage in Cireundeu Village, namely divorce and health problems, while the factors that influence the occurrence of underage marriage, namely economic factors, education, parents and promiscuity, as for efforts to reduce the marriage rate underage towards the right of formal education of children, namely by improving the quality of education that education has a good future for those who take it, then socializing the boundaries of the age of marriage, the impact and danger of underage marriage, and socializing compulsory 12-year education affect the level of graduate children so that children can continue their education to the upper secondary level and can improve their quality of life.

Pemikiran Richard C. Martin Tentang Islam dan Studi Agama Serta Implikasinya dalam Kajian Psikologi

Religion as a belief and way of life is a very important thing in human life. Religion is understood to be able to provide confidence, motivation and relevance wherever and whenever (fi kulli zaman wa makan). Therefore religion must be understood scientifically, objectively and openly in the midst of complexities and diverse perspectives. Religion must be placed in the realm of scientific objects that are ready to be studied, examined and developed in all dimensions and perspectives of Muslims (Oksidentalist) and non-Muslims (orientalist). To answer anxiety and solution, Richard C. Martin offers three approaches, namely the approach of data fields, phenomenology and psychology. This research is a literature study. The source of the data is obtained from primary data in the form book titled “Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies" with editor Richard C. Martin and secondary in the form of research related to research. This analysis uses content analysis. The results of this study are that disclosure of issues of religious studies through data fields, namely data about Islam which consists of historical and geographical data. While the types of data consist of textual types, socio-historical data, and ritual-symbolic data. The solution to Martin's approach to Islamic studies is his solution idea in the form of a phenomenological approach to solve insider and outsider problems. The phenomenological approach can be used as a basis for combining Islamic studies and psychological studies to examine the problem of one's religious behavior. Agama sebagai keyakinan dan pedoman hidup (way of live) merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Agama dipahami mampu akan memberikan keyakinan, motivasi dan relevan dimanapun dan kapanpun (fi kulli zaman wa makan). Oleh karena itu agama harus dipahami secara ilmiah, objektif dan terbuka di tengah-tengah kompleksitas dan cara pandang yang beragam. Agama harus di tempatkan pada ranah objek ilmiah yang siap diteliti, dikaji dan dikembangkan dalam segala dimensi dan perspektif muslim(Oksidentalis) maupun non muslim (orientalis). Untuk menjawab kegelisahan dan solusi maka, Richard C. Martin menawarkan tiga pendekatan yakni pendekatan data fields, fenomenologi dan psikologi. Penelitian Ini merupakan studi pustaka. Sumber data diperoleh dari data primer berupa buku berjudul “Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies” dengan editor Richard C. Martin dan sekunder berupa putaka yang berkaitan dengan penelitian. Analisis ini menggunakan content analysis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengungkapan terhadap isu-isu studi agama melalui data field yaitu data tentang Islam yang terdiri dari data historis maupun geografis. Sedang jenisjenis data terdiri dari jenis-jenis tekstual, data sosial-historis, serta data ritualsimbolis. Solusi pendekatan Martin untuk studi Islam adalah gagasan solutifnya berupa pendekatan fenomenologi untuk memecahkan problem-problem insider dan outsider. Pendekatan fenomenologi dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar memadukan studi Islam dan kajian psikologis untuk mengkaji masalah perilaku keagamaan seseorang.

Ideational meanings of science and interpersonal position of readers in science textbooks for basic level in Indonesia

This paper investigates the ideational meanings of science through the analyses of types and functions of the images used in science textbooks, the formality of the pictures, the genre of the texts used as the main passage, and the process types used. This paper also probes into the interpersonal meaning of science through the analysis of pronouns used to address the readers, the analysis of represented participants, including the existence or nonexistence of gaze, and the position of the images in relation to their interactive participants. The data for the study consisted of three randomly selected topics from science textbooks for grade 7,8 and 9 based on two different curricula used, namely KTSP 2006 and Kurikulum 2013. Reading images as proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen (1996; 2006) was used to analyze the visual images along with systemic functional linguistics (SFL) as proposed by Halliday (1994); Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) to analyze the verbal texts. The findings show that ideationally, the most dominant type of pictures used in the topics investigated is realistic pictures, pictures which represent human optical perception. In terms of the function of the pictures, analytical pictures, pictures which show the part-whole relationship, are dominantly used in the topics. Ideationally, the topics in the textbooks maintain the sameness of forms and colors of the scientific objects students study at schools as their real objects. Interpersonally, readers are positioned as the receivers of the message from persons who are more knowledgable, hence, more powerful than they are but, at the same time, approachable by the readers.

Puppy Love: Domestic Science, “Women's Work,” and Canine Care

The health and well-being of pets became a significant matter of medical and scientific concern during the first decades of the twentieth century. Addressing the case of dogs, this article contends that this circumstance was not primarily a consequence of developments internal to veterinary practice but rather emerged from the broader-based domestic-science movement. The elaboration of scientifically oriented approaches to dog care signals the incorporation of pets within a maternal ideal that emphasized care and efficiency as domestic virtues. Via consideration of canine milk foods, women-led canine medical institutions, canine-concerned domestic workers, and rationalist approaches to kennel design, the article demonstrates that dogs should be placed alongside such established objects of domestic scientific reform as children, homes, and human bodies. Moreover, it shows that scientific reconceptualizations of dogs relied on an extensive network of (primarily women) laborers that included food producers, nursing staff, kennel attendants, and breeders. The article thereby contributes to a growing body of scholarship highlighting ways in which the domestic-science movement forged new scientific objects and practices around the turn of the twentieth century. By the 1930s, dogs were routinely being upheld as exemplars of the kinds of homely existence made possible by scientifically informed approaches to domestic living.