Pathways toward Inclusive Income Growth: A Comparative Decomposition of National Growth Profiles

Despite rising interest in income inequality, scholars remain divided over the mechanisms underlying inclusive income growth and how these mechanisms vary across countries. This study introduces the concept of national growth profiles, that is, the additive contribution of changes in taxes, transfers, composition, and other factors including market institutions to changes across a country’s income distribution. We present a decomposition framework to measure national growth profiles for eight high-income countries from the 1980s to 2010s. Our findings adjudicate competing sociological and economic perspectives on rising inequality. First, we find that policy-driven changes in taxes and transfers are the dominant drivers of inclusive growth at the tails of the income distributions. Second, rising educational attainment contributes most to income growth across the distribution, but consistently contributes to less-inclusive growth. When changes in education are considered, changes in assortative mating and single parenthood have little consequence for changes in inequality. Third, changes to other factors including market institutions increased inequality in countries such as the United States, but less so in France and Germany. Had the United States matched the changes to Dutch tax policy, Danish transfer policy, or other factors of most other countries, it could have achieved more inclusive income growth than observed.

Pathways toward Inclusive Income Growth: A Comparative Decomposition of National Growth Profiles

Despite rising interest in income inequality, scholars remain divided over the mechanisms underlying inclusive income growth and how these mechanisms vary across countries. This study introduces the concept of national growth profiles, the additive contribution of changes in taxes, transfers, composition, and other factors including market institutions to changes across a country’s income distribution. We present a decomposition framework to measure national growth profiles for eight high-income countries from the 1980–2010s. Our findings adjudicate competing sociological and economic perspectives on rising inequality. First, we find that policy-driven changes in taxes and transfers are the dominant drivers of inclusive growth at the tails of the income distributions. Second, rising educational attainment contributes most to income growth across the distribution, but consistently contributes to less-inclusive growth. When changes in education are considered, changes in assortative mating and single parenthood have little consequence for changes in inequality. Third, changes to other factors including market institutions increased inequality in countries such as the U.S., but less so in France and Germany. Had the U.S. matched the changes to Dutch tax policy, Danish transfer policy, or other factors of most other countries, it could have achieved more inclusive income growth than observed. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

Technical and Vocational Education (TVE): Role in Individual and National Growth

This paper focuses on understanding the role of Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) in individual development by gaining better employment and higher earnings. It further explores the relationship between Technical & Vocational Education and the growth of national economy. Technical and Vocational Education is the form of education that consists of training all necessary skills required for profitable employment as well as acquisition of basic educational foundation. TVE enables the individual to gain all necessary skills and competencies for employability which affect the national growth and development

Redes de pendularidade estudantil dos polos sub-regionais do interior de Minas Gerais

<p>No interior do estado de Minas, o crescimento total bruto de matrículas no ensino superior, entre 1991 e 2010, foi de 371,82%, relativamente maior do que o nacional (309,41%). Cabe, portanto, uma análise sobre as formas de polarização e as características da mobilidade pendular de estudantes na rede de centros regionais no estado. Neste artigo, avaliam-se os fluxos e os padrões de distribuição das redes de pendularidade de estudantes entre os centros regionais do interior do estado de Minas Gerais, tendo como base os dados do Censo Demográfico de 2010. Foram analisados os movimentos de pendularidade de estudantes de vinte e dois centros considerados de alta centralidade, aqui denominados sub-regionais. A interpretação foi elaborada por meio da avaliação das redes de distribuição espacial, conjugada com a mensuração de indicadores como a Distância Média ponderada (DMp) e a Razão de pendularidade escolar (RPe), o que permitiu a distinção dos movimentos estudantil e laboral. Os resultados indicam a magnitude de deslocamentos intrarregionais e maior abrangência espacial de polarização de cinco sub-centros regionais. Quinze municípios apresentaram RPe maior que um, ou seja, possuem a prevalência na atração da pendularidade estudantil, o que mostra a relevância do papel das instituições de ensino na atração populacional.</p><p><span>Abstract</span></p><p>NETWORKS OF STUDENTS’ PENDULAR MOVEMENTS FOR THE SUBREGIONAL POLES OF THE COUNTRYSIDE OF MINAS GERAIS</p><p>In the countryside of Minas Gerais state (MG), the absolute growth in the period between 1991 and 2010 was of 371,82%, which is a bit higher than the National growth (309,41%). Such context raises questions about the forms of polarization and the students’ pendular fluxes between regional centres. In this article I evaluate these fluxes and the patterns of distribution of the networks of students’ pendular motion among the regional centres of the countryside of MG based on the data of the Demographic Census of 2010. I analysed students’ pendular movements from 22 centres located in the exact centre of the state, which I named “subregionals” for the purposes of this paper. My interpretation was built through the evaluation of the networks of spatial distribution compared with the measurement of the Average Weighed Distance (DMp in Portuguese) and with the Rate of Students’ Pendular Movements (RPe in Portuguese), which allowed me to distinguish between the students’ and workers’ movements. The results I obtained reveal the magnitude of the interregional movements and a higher spatial encompassment of the polarization of five regional centres, seats of Federal Universities. Fifteen municipalities have shown an RPe higher than 1, which means they present a prevalence of students’ pendular movements, revealing the importance of theeducational institutions’ role in the spatial dynamics of the population.</p>

Prevalence of Stunting According to WHO Growth Standards and Indonesian Growth Reference Charts: A Descriptive Study from Blega Sub-District

Stunting is one of the remaining health issues in Indonesia and its prevalence was still high in the last decades. There are two types of growth charts that can be used in recording the child's growth: growth standards and growth references. In recent times, the selection of the suitable growth charts has become a subject of discussion in many countries. The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence of stunting according to World Health Organization Child Growth Standards (WHOCGS) and Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts (INGRC) of children under five from the Blega sub-district. The secondary data from 2884 children were collected recapitulation of the 'Bulan Timbang' program in February 2020. Z-score of length/height-for-age was plotted according to WHOCGS and INGRC. The result showed that the prevalence of stunting were lower for the INGRC than WHOCGS (5.83% and 11.17%, with p-value <0.001). There was an advantage and disadvantage when using both two growth charts. Further research is still needed to support the result of this study. Keywords: Stunting, World Health Organization Child Growth Standards, Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts

Dinamika dan Karakter Produk Hasil Dekarboksilasi Sabun Hidroksi Pelargonat

Pengembangan bahan bakar nabati akan memberi berbagai manfaat bagi pembangunan nasional, antara lain pengurangan impor bahan bakar minyak dan peningkatan ketahanan energi nasional. Oleh karena itu, teknologi untuk pembuatan bahan bakar nabati pensubstitusi bahan bakar minyak, terutama bensin, merupakan kebutuhan yang mendesak. Salah satu teknologi untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar nabati pensubstitusi bensin adalah dekarboksilasi sabun hidroksi pelargonat. Magnesium hidroksi pelargonat [Mg(OH)(OOCC8H17)] dapat didekarboksilasi menghasilkan n-oktana [C8H18] dan magnesium karbonat [MgCO3] yang pada temperatur mendekati 500oC akan terurai menjadi MgO dan CO2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan pemahaman tentang dinamika dan karakter produk cair hasil reaksi dekarboksilasi sabun hidroksi pelargonat [Mg(OH)OOCC8H17] pada rentang suhu 250-350oC.The development of biofuel have a lot of advantages for national growth, such as, imports reduction of fuel and increasing national energy security and sustainability. Therefore, biofuel production technology for substitution of fuel oil especially gasoline, is very important. One of technology method to produce biogasoline is decarboxylation of pelargonic hydroxy metal soap. Magnesium hydroxy pelargonate [Mg(OH)(OOCC8H17)] can be decarboxylated to produce n-octane [C8H18] and magnesium carbonate [MgCO3] which at temperatures close to 500oC decompose into MgO and CO2. The objectives of this research is to investigate comprehensively the dynamics and character liquid products from decarboxylation of pelargonic hydroxy soap [Mg(OH)OOCC8H17] reaction at temperature range of 250-350oC.