The Right to Return Home: International Intervention and Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia and Herzegovina

1998 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Cox
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
International Intervention ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dayton Agreement ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future

The use of terror to separate the ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a deeply tragic episode, with devastating effects on the lives of millions of people. Although the Dayton Agreement of December 1995 has brought a fragile peace to Bosnia and Herzegovina, it has done so at the cost of the division of its territory, its population and almost every aspect of civil life along ethnic lines. Two years into the peace process, the progress of return of refugees and displaced persons has been extremely disappointing. More than two million people—almost half the population—are still dispossessed of their homes. Some 600,000 of these are refugees abroad who have not yet found durable solutions, many of whom face the prospect of compulsory return into displacement within Bosnia and Herzegovina in the near future. Another 800,000 have been internally displaced to areas in the control of their own ethnic group, living in multiple occupancy situations, in collective centres or in property vacated by the displacement of others, often in situations of acute humanitarian concern. The fundamental issue for the future of the postwar society of Bosnia and Herzegovina is whether these people can or will return to their homes.

Consequences of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence on Post-Conflict Society

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lejla Hadzimesic
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Transitional Justice ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
International Criminal Tribunal ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dayton Agreement

The widespread use of sexual violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in the early 1990s resulted in landmark rulings from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) identifying rape as a crime against humanity and a war crime. Despite this progress, this chapter documents multiple challenges that have undermined the implementation of effective reparations for these crimes. It begins with an overview of the conflict, the use of sexual violence, and BiH’s obligations under international human rights law, particularly the right to reparation. It reviews challenges facing the state in implementing a reparations program for sexual violence, including the peculiar governance structure created in the Dayton Agreement, the absence of a healing process, the treatment of returning internally displaced persons, and the conflation of social benefits and reparations programming. It closes with a critique of existing initiatives, including criminal prosecutions, the Strategy on Transitional Justice, and rehabilitation programs.

The political system of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the fault lines set down in the Dayton Agreement

SEER ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-120
Author(s):  
Slobodan Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Political System ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
State System ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Constitutional Government ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dayton Agreement

This article seeks to review some of the problems with the political system of Bosnia and Herzegovina as expressed through the constitutional provisions of the Dayton Agreement. While the Agreement brought an end to the physical violence, its creators must have been aware that the type of state system it envisaged, being composed of two entities, only put off the solution to the crucial cause of the problem. The entire mechanism of the political organisation of BiH is based on the fault lines set down in this Agreement, while the continuing inter-ethnic struggle in BiH is focused on the questions which it poses for constitutional government. Furthermore the moderators of the process retained the right to monitor the Agreement’s implementation, institutionalising the involvement of the international community and introducing a continuing role for NATO in the Balkans. The article considers the political system of BiH as developed under the Dayton Agreement but turns first to setting the scene by exploring the territory of the country as a whole and some of the essential characteristics of its peoples.

scholarly journals Relugees and Internally Displaced Persons in the Former Yugoslavia in the Light of Dayton and Paris Agreements

Refuge ◽  
1997 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Vladimir Grecic
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
Dayton Agreement

This paper provides an overview and assessment of implementation of the Dayton Peace Agreements, particularly the part referring to refugees and internally displaced persons. The establishment of peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina in accordance with the Dayton Agreement and the subsequent normalization of life in the former Yugoslavia should create prerequisites for unobstructed return of over 2 million individuals to their homes. Therefore, we will review the number of refugees from the territory of the former Yugoslavia, places of their present residence, their problems and possibilities for their return to areas where they used to live.

IMPLEMENTASI JOB ORDER COSTING METHOD DALAM PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI MAP

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Ika Yulianti ◽  
Endah Masrunik ◽  
Anam Miftakhul Huda ◽  
Diana Elvianita
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Method Calculation ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to find a comparison of the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured in the CV. Mitra Setia Blitar uses the company's method and uses the Job Order Costing (JOC) method. The method used in this study is quantitative. The types of data used are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative data is in the form of map production cost data while qualitative data is in the form of information about map production process. The result of calculating the cost of production of the map between the two methods results in a difference of Rp. 306. Calculation using the company method is more expensive than using the Job Order Costing method. Calculation of cost of goods manufactured using the company method is Rp. 2,205,000, - or Rp. 2,205, - each unit. While using the Job Order Costing (JOC) method is Rp. 1,899,000, - or Rp 1,899, - each unit. So that the right method used in calculating the cost of production is the Job Order Costing (JOC) method

Cost- und Monitoring-Projekt: Zwei neue forstliche Meinungsumfragen im Vergleich | The Cost- and Monitoring-Projects: A Comparison of Two New Forestry Opinion Polls

2000 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Wild-Eck ◽  
Willi Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Forest Economics ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Opinion Polls

Two large-scale surveys looking at attitudes towards forests, forestry and forest policy in the second half ofthe nineties have been carried out. This work was done on behalf of the Swiss Confederation by the Chair of Forest Policy and Forest Economics of the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. Not only did the two studies use very different methods, but the results also varied greatly as far as infrastructure and basic conditions were concerned. One of the main differences between the two studies was the fact that the first dealt only with mountainous areas, whereas the second was carried out on the whole Swiss population. The results of the studies reflect these differences:each produced its own specific findings. Where the same (or similar) questions were asked, the answers highlight not only how the attitudes of those questioned differ, but also views that they hold in common. Both surveys showed positive attitudes towards forests in general, as well as a deep-seated appreciation ofthe forest as a recreational area, and a positive approach to tending. Detailed results of the two surveys will be available in the near future.

Protecting the Desperate: The Regulation of Payday Lending

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-176
Author(s):  
Andrew J Serpell
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Credit ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Payday Lending ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Payday Loans ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Credit Contracts ◽  
The Cost

Payday loans are small-amount, short-term, unsecured, high-cost credit contracts provided by non-mainstream credit providers. Payday loans are usually taken out to help the consumer pay for essential items, such as food, rent, electricity, petrol, broken-down appliances or car registration or repairs. These consumers take out payday loans because they cannot — or believe that they cannot — obtain a loan from a mainstream credit provider such as a bank. In recent years there has been a protracted debate in Australia — and in several overseas jurisdictions — about how to regulate the industry. Recent amendments to the National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009 (Cth) — referred to in this article as the 2013 reforms — are designed to better protect payday loan consumers. While the 2013 reforms provide substantially improved protection for payday loan consumers, further changes to the law may be warranted. This article raises several law reform issues which should be considered as part of the 2015 review into small amount credit contracts, including whether the caps on the cost of credit are set at the right level, whether the required content and presentation of the consumer warnings needs to be altered, whether more needs to be done to protect consumers who are particularly disadvantaged or vulnerable and whether a general anti-avoidance provision should be included in the credit legislation.

Microcontroller Device for Conductor Identification Using Acoustic Signal

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Vinogradov ◽  
Aleksey V. Bukreev
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Signal ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Electrical Wiring ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Solutions

When repairing and replacing electrical wiring in enterprises, the main difficulty is the lack or poor quality of documentation, plans for conductors laying. Distinguishing wires (cables) and their cores by the color of the shells or using tags attached to the ends is difficult if the shells have the same color and there are no tags. Devices and technical solutions used to identify wires and cables do not allow recognizing conductors without breaking the electrical circuit, removing insulation, and de-energizing the network. Searching for the right conductor is a time-consuming operation. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a new microcontroller device for identifying wires using an acoustic signal. (Materials and methods) Literature sources has been searched for devices for conductors identifying. (Results and discussion) The article proposes a method that involves feeding an acoustic signal to a wire at one point and capturing it at another, in order to recognize the desired wire. The article presents results of comparison of the developed microcontroller device for identifying conductors using an acoustic signal with known devices and methods for conductors recognizing. (Conclusions) The article reveals the shortcomings of existing methods and means of identifying wires and cables. Authors performed a theoretical calculation of the sound pressure in the conductor at a given distance. The article presents the calculation of speed of acoustic waves in conductors with different types of insulation. Authors designed a microcontroller device for identifying conductors using an acoustic signal and tested it. It was determined that the device increases the safety of work, reduces the cost of operating internal wiring and identification time; eliminates the violation of wire insulation, the need to disable electrical receivers. The convergence of theoretical calculations and experimental data was shown.

scholarly journals An Optimal Control Problem by a Hybrid System of Hyperbolic and Ordinary Differential Equations

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Alexander Arguchintsev ◽  
Vasilisa Poplevko
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Optimal Control Problem ◽  
Control Problem ◽  
Ordinary Differential Equations ◽  
Hyperbolic Equations ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Optimal Control Methods

This paper deals with an optimal control problem for a linear system of first-order hyperbolic equations with a function on the right-hand side determined from controlled bilinear ordinary differential equations. These ordinary differential equations are linear with respect to state functions with controlled coefficients. Such problems arise in the simulation of some processes of chemical technology and population dynamics. Normally, general optimal control methods are used for these problems because of bilinear ordinary differential equations. In this paper, the problem is reduced to an optimal control problem for a system of ordinary differential equations. The reduction is based on non-classic exact increment formulas for the cost-functional. This treatment allows to use a number of efficient optimal control methods for the problem. An example illustrates the approach.

scholarly journals Geographies of Doing Nothing–Internal Displacement and Practices of Post-Disaster Recovery in Urban Areas of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Alexandra Titz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Secondary Displacement ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Post Disaster

Disaster-related internal displacement is on the rise in many countries and is increasingly becoming an urban phenomenon. For many people, as in the case of the earthquake disaster 2015 in Nepal, protracted or multiple disaster displacements are a lived reality. While the drivers of displacement are relatively well understood, significant uncertainties remain regarding the factors that trigger prolonged or secondary displacement and impede ending of displacement or achieving durable solutions. The purpose of this article is to illustrate and theorise the discourse of reconstruction and return that shapes experiences, strategies, and policies in order to gain a better understanding of the obstacles to pursuing durable solutions that are still shaping the reality of life for urban internally displaced people (IDPs) in Kathmandu Valley. I use the concepts of ‘fields of practice’ and ‘disaster justice’ to provide insights into the theorisation of the links between social inequality, structural forms of governance, and the reconstruction process itself. Findings demonstrate that the application of these concepts has great potential to expand our understanding of ‘realities of life’ and practices of IDPs, and thus contribute to a more differentiated evidence base for the development and implementation of appropriate disaster risk reduction policies and practices.

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