scholarly journals Geographies of Doing Nothing–Internal Displacement and Practices of Post-Disaster Recovery in Urban Areas of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Alexandra Titz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Secondary Displacement ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Post Disaster

Disaster-related internal displacement is on the rise in many countries and is increasingly becoming an urban phenomenon. For many people, as in the case of the earthquake disaster 2015 in Nepal, protracted or multiple disaster displacements are a lived reality. While the drivers of displacement are relatively well understood, significant uncertainties remain regarding the factors that trigger prolonged or secondary displacement and impede ending of displacement or achieving durable solutions. The purpose of this article is to illustrate and theorise the discourse of reconstruction and return that shapes experiences, strategies, and policies in order to gain a better understanding of the obstacles to pursuing durable solutions that are still shaping the reality of life for urban internally displaced people (IDPs) in Kathmandu Valley. I use the concepts of ‘fields of practice’ and ‘disaster justice’ to provide insights into the theorisation of the links between social inequality, structural forms of governance, and the reconstruction process itself. Findings demonstrate that the application of these concepts has great potential to expand our understanding of ‘realities of life’ and practices of IDPs, and thus contribute to a more differentiated evidence base for the development and implementation of appropriate disaster risk reduction policies and practices.

A Spatial Model of Internal Displacement and Forced Migration

2020 ◽  
pp. 002200272095847
Author(s):  
Jon Echevarria-Coco ◽  
Javier Gardeazabal
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Model ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Country Size ◽  
The World ◽  
Displaced People

This article develops a spatial model of internal and external forced migration. We propose a model reminiscent of Hotelling’s spatial model in economics and Schelling’s model of segregation. Conflict is modeled as a shock that hits a country at certain location and generates displacement of people located near the shock’s location. Some displaced people cross a border, thus becoming refugees, while others remain as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). The model delivers predictions about how the fractions of a country’s population that become refugees and IDPs ought to be related with the intensity of the shock, country size, terrain ruggedness and the degree of geographical proximity of the country with respect to the rest of the world. The predictions of the model are then tested against real data using a panel of 161 countries covering the period 1995-2016. The empirical evidence is mostly in line with the predictions of the model.

scholarly journals The challenges of internally displaced persons and the way forward: the Nigerian experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
Agbo Friday Ojonugwa
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Lasting Peace ◽  
History Of ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Peace And Development

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are usually forced to flee or leave their homes, particularly in situations of armed conflict. They are displaced within their national territories and are generally subject to heightened suffering and vulnerability in many cases. It is also essential to state that the issue of internal displacement has become prominent because of the realisation that peace and reconstruction in conflict-ridden societies depend on the effective settlement and reintegration of displaced persons. Nigeria is a country that has a history of conflicts and displaced people. There has been a challenge in finding lasting peace through the employment of conflict resolution techniques and also the challenge of catering for the welfare of internally displaced persons in the country. However, peace and development without taking into account the settlement, return, and reintegration of IDPs. These desirous objectives are proving quite difficult in Nigeria as many challenges confront the government, policymakers, and humanitarian NGOs in providing the IDPs with their rights and needs. Some of the challenges can easily be overcome while some are more tasking requiring concerted efforts and massive resources to overcome. The aim of this article is to highlights the significant challenges confronting IDPs and provides some solutions to these challenges. In adopting the doctrinal method in discussions, the article finds that enormous challenges abound that confront IDPs in Nigeria, and it finds that there is the need for the government to find urgent solutions to the challenges of IDPs for the wellbeing of IDPs  

Introduction: Dawn Chatty and Bill Finlayson

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn Chatty
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
World War ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Afghan Refugee ◽  
Northern Cyprus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Displaced People

Dispossession and displacement have always afflicted life in the modern history of the Middle East and North Africa. Waves of people have been displaced from their homeland as a result of conflicts and social illnesses. At the end of the nineteenth century, Circassian Muslims and Jewish groups were dispossessed of their homes and lands in Eurasia. This was followed by the displacement of the Armenians and Christian groups in the aftermath of the First World War. They were followed by Palestinians who fled from their homes in the struggle for control over Palestine after the Second World War. In recent times, almost 4 million Iraqis have left their country or have been internally displaced. And in the summer of 2006, Lebanese, Sudanese and Somali refugees fled to neighbouring countries in the hope of finding peace, security and sustainable livelihoods. With the increasing number of refugees, this book presents a discourse on displacement and dispossession. It examines the extent to which forced migration has come to define the feature of life in the Middle East and North Africa. It presents researches on the refugees, particularly on the internally displaced people of Iran and Afghanistan. The eleven chapters in this book deal with the themes of displacement, repatriation, identity in exile and refugee policy. They cover themes such as the future of the Turkish settlers in northern Cyprus; the Hazara migratory networks between Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran and the Western countries; the internal displacement among Kurds in Iraq and Palestinians in the West Bank and East Jerusalem; the Afghan refugee youth as a ‘burnt generation’ on their post-conflict return; Sahrawi identity in refugee camps; and the expression of the ‘self’ in poetry for Iran refugees and oral history for women Iraqi refugees in Jordan.

scholarly journals Access to medicines among internally displaced and non-displaced people in urban areas in Colombia

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 2245-2256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Ruiz-Rodríguez ◽  
Veronika J. Wirtz ◽  
Alvaro J. Idrovo ◽  
Mary Lupe Angulo
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Displaced Populations ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Improve Access

This study analyzes access to medicines among displaced and non-displaced populations in urban areas in Bucaramanga, Colombia. A household survey was carried out to study access to medicines for self-reported and medically diagnosed health conditions. Multiple Poisson regression with robust variance was used to determine factors associated with access to medicines. Two thousand and sixty individuals from 514 families participated. Only 29.1% (95%CI: 22.04-37.08) of the individuals in the sample with prescriptions and 44.3% (95%CI: 40.42-48.25) with self-reported needs for pharmacotherapy were taking medicines. Greater access was associated with the perceived severity of the illness, higher income, having a health center nearby and not perceiving barriers in accessing services. Social security affiliation and being displaced were not related. Social security coverage alone does not have an effect on access to medicines because it does not include essential medicines that correspond to the health needs of this population. Resolving administrative and geographical barriers is likely to improve access to medicines.

scholarly journals Evolution and Recovery:  Adaptable Housing  Reconstruction in Post  Disaster Scenarios

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Liam Shearer
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Response ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Major Disaster ◽  
Building Typology ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Housing Reconstruction ◽  
Disaster Scenario ◽  
Design Proposal ◽  
Post Disaster

<p>Every year disasters affect hundreds of millions of people, causing damage that can take months or years to recover from. The reality of carrying out the processes of reconstruction and recreating functionality is a complex and difficult task; too often it is measured in a time period of several years. The issue to be addressed through this research is the response of the built (or rebuilt) environment to the requirements of people who have been displaced following a major disaster. This thesis develops a building typology and process that can adapt to the changing requirements of the stages of the redevelopment process in a post‐disaster scenario. The research focuses on natural disasters, more vulnerable populations and regions and specifically on housing reconstruction. It explores the idea of a solution that can be applied widely, to many different climates and contexts; the research question then amounts to ‘can a solution be created that can ‘evolve’ to meet the needs at each stage of a post disaster reconstruction scenario?’ The thesis explores existing post‐disaster response and reconstruction models and discusses the focuses and priorities of each. The requirements of displaced people are studied, in terms of response by the built environment, and the benefits of staged development versus end product discussed. The roles that major groups, such as local authorities and NGOs, play in orchestrating the reconstruction process are discussed as well as the important, and sometimes overlooked, role that those affected by the disaster may have. The discussion and research then informs the design proposal. Four sites are selected and used as parameters for developing the built response to the first stage of reconstruction. The selected sites are then used to show how a generic shelter may first be adapted to be suitable for a specific climate and context and then how they may be added to and grown to become permanent and suitable housing for the displaced people. The staged redevelopment process from a partially generic emergency deployment presented in this thesis can provide a solution, or framework for a solution, to many of the problems raised by the research and here, but it cannot be a solution by itself; architecture or design in post‐disaster scenarios must be supported and driven heavily by planning and management from local, national and international sources to be successful and fully realised.</p>

scholarly journals Dynamic Coordination of Internal Displacement: Return and Integration Cases in Ukraine and Georgia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4123
Author(s):  
Oleg Bazaluk ◽  
Svitlana Balinchenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Dynamic Coordination ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Coordination Patterns

The conflict-related internal displacement in Ukraine since 2014, after the armed combats with Russian military forces backing the separatist administrations, as well as the occupation of Crimea by the Russian Federation have not been state-organized. They imply a range of personal choices depending on civil positions and destinations for resettlement; therefore, the affected persons get involved in the consequent practical discourses and decision-making processes. Based on the legislative acts and the international reports on internal displacement, the internal displacement due to the current hybrid war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine is compared with the first Russia-backed separatist conflicts after the collapse of the USSR—the wars in South Ossetia, in 1992, and in Abkhazia, in 2008. The internal displacement situations have been reviewed through their dynamic coordination patterns, with regard to non-equilibrium transitions, fluctuations, and adaptations triggered on the systemic, community, and personal levels, as well as to the expected durable solutions: integration, return, temporary resettlement. Therefore, we suggest, for further discussion, the patterns of bistability—for the internal displacement due to the Russo-Georgian wars of 1992 and 2008, characterized by an overfocus, in the practical discourses, on the return of the internally displaced persons (IDP), and metastability—for the conflict-related internal displacement in Ukraine, with both the return and local integration solutions creating the quasi-stable system.

Part V The Scope of Refugee Protection, Ch.47 Internal Displacement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kälin Walter
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Refugee Protection ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Degree Of Convergence

This chapter discusses the protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs), who are all too often neglected, not only by their governments, but also by the international community. The experiences of refugees and IDPs have much in common. Thus, it is not surprising that social science approaches tend to lump refugees and IDPs together under the notion of ‘forced displacement’. By contrast, the chapter argues that refugee law and the law related to internal displacement are conceptually fundamentally different because IDPs remain citizens or habitual residents of their countries, and thus depend on the national protection of their governments, while refugees as foreigners are in need of international protection. Discussing the protection of IDPs from a comparative perspective, it analyses the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and their impact as a soft law instrument, as well as the legally binding Kampala Convention. Ultimately, IDP-related approaches to durable solutions can help to inform refugee law and policy, and there is already a degree of convergence between the two areas.

scholarly journals The Responsibility to Protect Internally Displaced Persons in Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Olivia Lwabukuna
Keyword(s):  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Durable Solutions

Abstract This article explores the responsibility to protect (R2P) as an organizing concept for preventing, addressing and finding durable solutions to internal displacement in Africa. While the most innovative norms for protecting the forcibly displaced have been conceptualized in Africa, they have not durably addressed displacement, due to limitations in implementation. R2P has similarly faced criticisms emanating from a lack of clarity and distrust. Restated norms underlying frameworks for internally displaced persons (IDPs) and R2P complement each other, and can be operationalized simultaneously through a more credible regional approach, to encourage effective protection of IDPs in Africa. The article explores pillar one, pillar two and the non-coercive elements of pillar three of R2P, and its underlying moral principles, using Kenya as a case study of the process of seeking to secure state responsibility for the protection of displaced civilians victimized by mass atrocities.

scholarly journals The Experience of Internally Displaced Women in Urban Areas of Western Turkey

1970 ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Cariona Vine ◽  
Serpil Taskan ◽  
Amy Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Western Turkey ◽  
Armed Struggle ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Guiding Principles ◽  
Kurdistan Workers Party

According to the United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (Guiding Principles), internally displaced persons (IDPs) refers to any person or group of persons who involuntarily had to leave their home or habitual settlements, without crossing an internationally recognized state border, especially in order to protect themselves from the consequences of armed conflict (UN Commission on Human Rights, 1998). There are an estimated 25 million IDPs worldwide and approximately 1 million in Turkey alone (Deng, 2003). In the 1980s and 1990s, an armed struggle between the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) and the Turkish Armed Forces resulted in significant levels of internal displacement in Turkey.

scholarly journals The Effect of Conflict and Displacement on the Health of Internally Displaced People: The Colombian Crisis

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Andrea Barrera Ramirez ◽  
Hernan Dario Franco
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Soins De Santé ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Health And Well Being

ABSTRACTDecades of violence in Colombia led to the relocation of millions of rural families into urban areas, where the violation of human rights and abuse add to the struggle to meet most basic needs. Lack of housing, economic instability, poor access to healthcare and educa­tion impact their overall health. Unfortunately, implementation of laws created to alleviate the crisis has been unsuccessful, as armed groups target aid efforts through violence and threats. While the role of physicians is limited, advocacy and collaboration with other organizations can help improve the health and well-being of this population. RÉSUMÉDes décennies de violence en Colombie ont mené au relogement de millions de familles rurales vers des milieux urbains, où la viola­tion des droits de la personne et les sévices exacerbent la lutte pour subvenir aux besoins fondamentaux. Le manque de logement, l’instabilité économique, et l’accès restreint aux soins de santé et à l’éducation ont un impact sur leur santé globale. Malheureuse­ment, l’établissement de lois conçues pour alléger la crise s’est révélé sans succès, puisque des groupes armés ciblent ces efforts d’aide humanitaire avec de la violence et des menaces. Bien que le rôle des médecins soit limité, les activités de plaidoyer et la collaboration avec d’autres organismes peuvent aider à améliorer la santé et le bien-être de cette population. 

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