North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 558-563
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The North ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Grand Design

At its meeting in Paris on December 13, 1956, the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), as was reported in April 1957, heard Mr. Selwyn Lloyd explain in general terms his “grand design” for Europe, which was later presented to the Council of Europe at Strasbourg. The principles of his grand design, according to Mr. Lloyd, were the maintenance of the unity of NATO and the expansion of European integration to include not only the federation of France, west Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries, but also such states as Austria, Yugoslavia, Switzerland, Sweden and Finland. Three elements were contained in the plan: the politico-strategic, the economic, and the parliamentary. In the politico-strategic field, Mr. Lloyd stated that development depended chiefly upon the development of NATO in the direction of closer consultation, as recommended by the Committee of Three of the Council of NATO. In the economic field, it was the view of the United Kingdom government that so far the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was the basic channel for the development of the closest economic relations, and that it would be desirable for the machinery which would be set up for the European free trade area to be part of OEEC. Mr. Lloyd proposed, in connection with parliamentary matters, that one assembly be established for the Council of Europe, Western European Union (WEU), NATO, OEEC, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), Euratom, the Common Market, and the free trade area, as well as for any European organizations which might be established in the future.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-210
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
German Government ◽  
The North ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Government ◽  
German People

The Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) met at The Hague on May 12–14, 1964. The Council reaffirmed that the government of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) was the only German government freely and legitimately constituted and therefore entitled to speak for Germany as the representative of the German people in international affairs. The Council invited Manlio Brosio, former Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister of Italy and presently the Italian Ambassador to Paris, to become Secretary-General of NATO in succession to Dirk U. Stikker (Netherlands), who would retire on August 1, 1964.

National Government and International Government

1959 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-549
Author(s):  
Max Beloff
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
National Government ◽  
Western World ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
The North ◽  
General Feeling ◽  
The North Atlantic

In a year which sees the tenth anniversary of both the Council of Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) there are a number of good reasons for looking again at some aspects of the problems of these organizations of limited membership. The most important reason is that there is a general feeling in the western world that neither the “European” organizations nor NATO are working as well as might have been hoped, and that there is probably a good deal of room for improvement even within the limits set by the present public attitudes toward the counter-claims of “integration” and “national sovereignty” in the countries concerned.

Academic Research and Canadian Manufacturing Productivity since the Formation of NAFTA

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
James Brox
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Canadian Manufacturing ◽  
Manufacturing Productivity ◽  
The Impact

Does academic research have a positive impact on productivity? To examine this question, the paper focuses on national Canadian manufacturing data, using a variable-cost CES-translog cost system. Changes in the elasticities calculated from the estimation results allow the study of the impact of the free-trade agreements on Canadian production and the effects of academic R&D expenditures. The principal finding is that academic research expenditures have had a positive effect on Canadian manufacturing productivity and that this effect of R&D expenditures has become stronger since the formation of the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA).

The Political Economy of NAFTA/USMCA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo A. Flores-Macías ◽  
Mariano Sánchez-Talanquer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
The One ◽  
United States Mexico

When the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into force on January 1st, 1994, it created the largest free trade area in the world, and the one with the largest gaps in development between member countries. It has since served as a framework for trilateral commercial exchange and investment between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. NAFTA’s consequences have been mixed. On the positive side, the total value of trade in the region reached $1.1 trillion in 2016, more than three times the amount in 1994, and total foreign direct investment among member countries also grew significantly. However, the distribution of benefits has been very uneven, with exposure to international competition reducing economic opportunity and increasing insecurity for certain sectors in all three countries. Twenty-four years later, the three countries renegotiated the terms of NAFTA and renamed it the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA). The negotiation responded in part to the need to modernize the agreement, but mostly to President Donald Trump’s concerns about NAFTA’s effect on the U.S. economy and the fairness of its terms. Although the revised agreement incorporated rules that modernize certain aspects of the institutional framework, some new provisions also make trade and investment relations in North America more uncertain.

Government Procurement in the WTO: A Case for Greater Integration

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-670
Author(s):  
KAMALA DAWAR
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Regional Trade Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The North

This article assesses the regulation of government procurement in the WTO, specifically under the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (WTO GPA), the General Agreement on Tariffs in Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM). It compares these findings from leading regional trade agreements (RTAs) with government procurement regulation, most notably the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).

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