Assimilation in Eighteenth-Century Senegal

1965 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Hargreaves
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
The South ◽  
Preliminary Discussion ◽  
European Values ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Civic Institutions

This preliminary discussion of the process of assimilation in eighteenth-century Senegal considers how Africans were drawn into the French colonial community through employment; trade; marriage and concubinage; and also through the Portuguese Creole communities to the south of Cape Verde. The extent of their assimilation is discussed with reference to religion; participation in civic institutions; and the acceptance of certain European values. Finally the question of how deeply the colonial community was influenced by African values is briefly raised.

Continuation of the discussion on Mr. H. Benest's paper “On some repairs to the South Amercian Company's cable off Cape Verde in 1893 and 1895”

1897 ◽  
Vol 26 (128) ◽  
pp. 260-316
Author(s):  
Charles Bright ◽  
W.H. Preece ◽  
E. March Webb ◽  
Wilson-Barker ◽  
H.C. Donovan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cape Verde ◽  
The South

Archaeological Discoveries in Sicily and Magna Graecia

1939 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-228
Author(s):  
Umberto Zanotti-Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The South ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Magna Graecia ◽  
South West ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Southern Flank

In my previous report (JHS, 1938, p. 247) I spoke of the work being carried on at Syracuse to bring to light the remains of the temple of Apollo. The east, north, and west sides had been freed by then, whilst the southern side was still hidden under seventeenth- and eighteenth-century houses, so that it had never been possible to dig trial trenches through their foundations to ascertain if any part of the temple was preserved there. The demolition of the houses and the excavation under the modern ground level beginning from the south-west angle have fully satisfied our hopes. Five columns of the southern flank of the peristasis have appeared, preserved to a height of over 2 metres, with the stylobate beneath them (Fig. 1): only the angle column had been destroyed during the building of the walls of the Spanish barracks. The cella is equally well preserved, and a third of its total length has already been liberated, although the work is in temporary suspense owing to unsettled disputes with the owners of the houses. The southern flank of the archaic Syracusan temple appears to be in much better condition than the others.

A Trickle of Authority: The Arid Conditions of Empire in Eighteenth-Century Xinjiang

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Anthony Bello
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
The South ◽  
Northern Xinjiang ◽  
The North ◽  
Arid Conditions

This article will explore some of the Qing Empire’s primary adaptations, mainly pastoral and agricultural, to the arid environments of southern, eastern and northern Xinjiang – that is, the Tarim, Hami-Turfan and Zünghar basins respectively. It first examines the region’s arid climate and its constraining implications for, first, agriculture as the empire’s standard form of territorial incorporation in the south and east; and, second, pastoralism and agro-pastoralism in the north. These relations were not purely social, but were conditioned within both human and natural parameters. Xinjiang’s general aridity informed Qing interactions with the territory’s diverse peoples, which presented both cultural and ecological – that is, environmental – obstacles and opportunities.

scholarly journals HA NOI – HUE – SAI GON IN TERRITORY EXPANSION TOWARD THE SOUTH AND UNIFICATION OF THE COUNTRY (1069–1802)

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (6E) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Nguyễn Quang Ngọc
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Early History ◽  
Mutual Support ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Imperial Capital ◽  
The Relationship

Vietnam is a country of an early history establishment with three archaeological centres: Dong Son in the North, Sa Huynh in the Central, and Oc Eo in the South. In the long history, these three centres unite and gather into a unified block, step by step, becoming a mainstream development trend. By the eleventh century, Thang Long capital (Hanoi) is a typical representative, the starting point for the course of advancement to the South of the Vietnamese. Later, Phu Xuan (Hue) from the fourteenth century and Gia Dinh (Saigon) from the seventeenth century directly multiply resources, deciding the success of the course of territory expansion and determining the southern territory of the nation Dai Viet – Vietnam in the middle of the eighteenth century. The Tay Son movement at the end of the eighteenth century starts unifying the country, but the course is not completed with numerous limitations. The mission of unifying the whole country is assigned back to Nguyen Anh. Nguyen Anh continually builds Gia Dinh into a firm basement for proceeding to conquer the imperial capital of Hue and the citadel Thang Long, completing the 733-year journey to expand the southern territory (1069–1802) and unifying the whole country into a single unit. Hanoi – Hue – Saigon in the relationship and mutual support has become the three pillars that determine all successes throughout the long history and in each stage of expansion and shaping of territory and unification of the country.

scholarly journals “... langt der oppe mot nord.” Bilder av nord i nordnorsk lyrikk – fra Elias Blix til Morten Wintervold

Nordlit ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Henning Howlid Wærp
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The South ◽  
International Orientation ◽  
The North ◽  
North Norway

<p align="LEFT">The article gives a survey of northern Norwegian poetry from the end of the eighteenth century until the present, focusing on how the north is depicted. Another line in the article follows the shaping of a specific northern Norwegian identity from the launching of the name “Nord-Norge” (North Norway) in 1884. The argument is that the feeling of marginalisation is no longer evident, probably because a new circumpolar identity has emerged, an international orientation replacing the former comparisons and competition with the capital in the south.</p>

Architectural Remains at Fort St. Joseph

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika K. Hartley ◽  
Michael S. Nassaney
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Structural Materials ◽  
New France ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Function Construction

This chapter reveals the architectural remains recovered at Fort St. Joseph. Unlike other colonial settlements, no detailed maps, drawings, or descriptions have come to light to illuminate the physical appearance of the fort. Here, we trace the origins of French colonial architectural styles and how they were adapted to the New World. We then employ archaeological and documentary sources to ascertain the types of buildings that may have existed at Fort St. Joseph, their functions, and what they may have looked like. This information will help in our interpretations of the function, construction techniques, and materials used to construct buildings as revealed through the architectural remains and associated structural materials found at Fort St. Joseph. This examination of eighteenth-century buildings in New France provides a better appreciation and understanding of colonial architecture and the conservative nature of French building practices.

The Legacy of European Colonialism

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Resource Extraction ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Guianas

South America was first “encountered” by Europeans during Columbus’ third voyage in 1498. This marked the end of the pre-Columbian period of the continent, and the beginning of the colonial period that lasted until the end of the wars of independence in the early nineteenth century. Total liberation of the continent from Spain was finally achieved at the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824. Brazilian independence from Portugal was achieved more peacefully in 1822, when Dom Pedro became constitutional emperor. The Guianas remained colonies far longer; indeed Guyane (French Guiana) is still an overseas department of France, while Suriname (Dutch Guiana) became independent in 1975, and Guyana (originally a Dutch colony, later British) became independent in 1966. It could be suggested that dependency remained after the end of formal colonial rule, owing to the continued influence of global economic powers on the continent. However, for the purposes of this chapter, the colonial period can be considered as lasting for 326 years from 1498 to 1824. If recent research has tended to enhance our appreciation of the impact of pre-Columbian peoples on the South American environment, it has also corrected some stereotypes concerning European colonial impacts. Europeans were not the first to substantially impact the South American environment. The colonial period was generally marked by depopulation and agricultural disintensification, with the result that many environments were more “pristine” at the end of the eighteenth century than at the end of the fifteenth century. Migrations, cultural hybridities, and new local, regional, and global economic linkages led to changes in demands on agriculture and resource extraction. New technologies, crops, and social structures also had an impact. These impacts were not always as negative as sometimes portrayed, and local populations often had a substantial say in the outcome. Many of the most noticeable impacts resulting from the encounter with Europeans did not become widespread until after independence (McAlister, 1984; Bethell, 1987; Hoberman, 1996; Hoberman et al., 1996; Mörner, 1985; Newson, 1995; Robinson, 1990; Butzer and Butzer, 1995).

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