Early trade and raw materials in South Central Africa

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Fagan
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
South Central ◽  
Iron Copper

Three raw materials were essential to Iron Age peoples in South Central Africa: iron, copper and salt. This paper discusses some of the archaeological evidence for the development of regional and long-distance trade in these commodities during the earlier Iron Age. A distinction is drawn between regional trade in items for which there is local demand, and longer distance commerce in raw materials, which may have been conducted with the aid of some standardized units of monetary significance.The big question for future research is that of assessing the degree to which the more sophisticated centres of metallurgy and trade affected those societies, living outside the immediate area, whose technologies and economies were less highly developed.

Edges and interactions beyond Europe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Wells ◽  
Naoise Mac Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The North ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
The North Atlantic

Iron Age Europe, once studied as a relatively closed, coherent continent, is being seen increasingly as a dynamic part of the much larger, interconnected world. Interactions, direct and indirect, with communities in Asia, Africa, and, by the end of the first millennium AD, North America, had significant effects on the peoples of Iron Age Europe. In the Near East and Egypt, and much later in the North Atlantic, the interactions can be linked directly to historically documented peoples and their rulers, while in temperate Europe the evidence is exclusively archaeological until the very end of the prehistoric Iron Age. The evidence attests to often long-distance interactions and their effects in regard to the movement of peoples, and the introduction into Europe of raw materials, crafted objects, styles, motifs, and cultural practices, as well as the ideas that accompanied them.

Quarrying and Extractive Industries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extractive Industries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Related Substances ◽  
Point Of Use

Traditionally the evidence cited for extractive industries in this period has been largely documentary. Here the emphasis is on archaeological evidence, most of which has been discovered in the last fifty years. The industries considered include stone quarrying and the extraction of sand, gravel, clay, and brickearth; precious and base metals (silver, lead, iron, tin, copper); coal, jet, and related substances; and salt. Also briefly discussed are the issues of transportation—from the source of the raw materials to processing sites, and thence to the point of use—and the importing and exporting of raw materials and finished products. Finally, a section outlines the possible directions of future research.

scholarly journals Along the Danube and at the Foothills of the North-Eastern Hungarian Mountains: Some Data on the Distribution of Stone Raw Materials in the Late Iron Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-342
Author(s):  
Zoltán Czajlik
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
North Eastern

Stones as raw materials are important environmental resources often found at prehistoric sites. Since their various types essentially retained their original geological features, it is generally relatively easy to identify their origin. Nevertheless, there is hardly any systematic research on late prehistoric stone raw materials. Furthermore, these materials are mentioned very inconsistently and the geological terms, definitions and analyzes are absent from the discussions. The general picture that we can sketch based on secondary literature is therefore mosaic-like. However, it is by no means impossible to identify extraction sites. Based on on-site experience and using modern analyzes, it is possible, for example, to differentiate between individual types of sandstone and andesite. From the perspective of future research, analyzes of late Iron Age stone materials from well-studied archaeological contexts could contribute to understand better how stones as raw materials were used in late prehistoric periods.

Great Zimbabwe: The Iron Age in South Central Africa

1996 ◽  
Vol 51 (164) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Tom Huffman ◽  
J. O. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
South Central ◽  
Great Zimbabwe

The Southern Rhodesian Iron Age

1961 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Summers
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
South Central ◽  
The World ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

The name ‘Iron Age’ has been given to a complex of post-Stone Age cultures in Southern Rhodesia. The cultures themselves vary very considerably but all are characterized by the use of iron for tools and weapons. Unlike the sequences in Europe and the Near East, that of south Central Africa shows no copper or bronze-using stage between the stone and iron-using phases and even the Neolithic seems to be missing from this part of the world.

Long-Distance Trade-Routes in Central Africa

1962 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vansina
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Alive Today ◽  
Different Types

The structure of indigenous trade in Central Africa makes it necessary to distinguish between three different types of trade. There is first the local trade from village to village within a given population. The goods exchanged are generally specialized products from local industry, and the exchange comes about because some villages possess supplies of raw materials which are not available to others, e.g. pottery clay, or because they are inhabited by specialists such as smiths or woodcarvers who are not available in others. This type of trade is conducted in local markets, and generally speaking, currency of some sort is in use. It is still alive today, and one can assume that it is very old, since such a system shows little dynamism. The necessities remain the same; the organization is simple and efficient.

scholarly journals Is It AIDS? Or Is It Kaliondeonde? Preliminary Assessment of an Indigenous AIDS-like Illness in Zambia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Feldman ◽  
Irene Ketonen-Keating ◽  
Ndashi W. Chitalu
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Healer ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
The Public ◽  
South Central ◽  
Hiv Negative ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background: Kaliondeonde is an AIDS-like immunosuppressive illness of unknown etiology common in Zambia and Malawi. It has similar, but not identical, symptoms to HIV/AIDS, and appears to have been in south central Africa longer. It is often viewed by both the public and academics as being the same as HIV/AIDS. Method: Research was conducted in Zambia among seven kaliondeonde patients to determine the perceptions of the sickness, and the symptoms of the disease, in comparison with HIV/AIDS. A subset of four of the patients were examined by both a traditional healer and a physician, and tested for HIV. Results: Two of the four kaliondeonde patients were found to be HIV negative, suggesting the possibility that kaliondeonde is different from HIV/AIDS. Conclusions: If future research confirms that many kaliondeonde patients are in fact HIV-negative, it will become vitally urgent to clarify the distinctiveness of the two illnesses and alter perceptions and knowledge of kaliondeonde prevention, epidemiology, etiology, and clinical practices.

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