Quarrying and Extractive Industries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extractive Industries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Related Substances ◽  
Point Of Use

Traditionally the evidence cited for extractive industries in this period has been largely documentary. Here the emphasis is on archaeological evidence, most of which has been discovered in the last fifty years. The industries considered include stone quarrying and the extraction of sand, gravel, clay, and brickearth; precious and base metals (silver, lead, iron, tin, copper); coal, jet, and related substances; and salt. Also briefly discussed are the issues of transportation—from the source of the raw materials to processing sites, and thence to the point of use—and the importing and exporting of raw materials and finished products. Finally, a section outlines the possible directions of future research.

Early trade and raw materials in South Central Africa

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Fagan
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
South Central ◽  
Iron Copper

Three raw materials were essential to Iron Age peoples in South Central Africa: iron, copper and salt. This paper discusses some of the archaeological evidence for the development of regional and long-distance trade in these commodities during the earlier Iron Age. A distinction is drawn between regional trade in items for which there is local demand, and longer distance commerce in raw materials, which may have been conducted with the aid of some standardized units of monetary significance.The big question for future research is that of assessing the degree to which the more sophisticated centres of metallurgy and trade affected those societies, living outside the immediate area, whose technologies and economies were less highly developed.

scholarly journals Research and application progress of lignin-based composite membrane

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youjing Li ◽  
Fen Li ◽  
Ying Yang ◽  
Baocai Ge ◽  
Fanzhu Meng
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Composite Membranes ◽  
Organic Polymer ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sustainable Resources ◽  
New Perspective

Abstract In view of the serious environmental pollution, which is the greatest problem the world is facing, and the continuous consumption of raw materials, it is imminent to search for green and sustainable resources. Lignin is an organic polymer that exists widely in nature, and if it can be transformed from traditional low-value waste product with low range of applications to functional materials with high application prospects, it can be of great significance to alleviate environmental pollution and shortage of fossil resources. One of the functional applications of lignin involves its use to fabricate composite with other polymeric materials, which can then be used to prepare membrane materials. This review summarizes the recent research and application progress of combining lignin with polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, starch, cellulose, chitosan, and other polymeric materials to prepare composite membranes; and summarizes the future development direction of lignin-based composite membranes. We hope this review may provide a new perspective to the understanding of lignin-based composite membranes and a useful reference for future research.

scholarly journals Thermoplastic Pultrusion: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Kirill Minchenkov ◽  
Alexander Vedernikov ◽  
Alexander Safonov ◽  
Iskander Akhatov
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structures ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermoplastic Composites ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Architectural Engineering ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Many ◽  
Lower Production

Pultrusion is one of the most efficient methods of producing polymer composite structures with a constant cross-section. Pultruded profiles are widely used in bridge construction, transportation industry, energy sector, and civil and architectural engineering. However, in spite of the many advantages thermoplastic composites have over the thermoset ones, the thermoplastic pultrusion market demonstrates significantly lower production volumes as compared to those of the thermoset one. Examining the thermoplastic pultrusion processes, raw materials, mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites, process simulation techniques, patents, and applications of thermoplastic pultrusion, this overview aims to analyze the existing gap between thermoset and thermoplastic pultrusions in order to promote the development of the latter one. Therefore, observing thermoplastic pultrusion from a new perspective, we intend to identify current shortcomings and issues, and to propose future research and application directions.

scholarly journals УПРАВЛІННЯ ЗМІНАМИ НА ДОБУВНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ УКРАЇНИ ЯК ЧИННИК ЇХ РОЗВИТКУ

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Наталія Сергіївна Приймак
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Extractive Industries ◽  
Extractive Industry ◽  
Primary Sector ◽  
Consumer Safety

Extractive industries (mining and quarrying, in particular) is a strategically important part of the primary sector of Ukraine. The current state of the extractive industries is characterized by a certain revival, however only in a few sectors. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights to the extractive industry performance and identify the main factors of change that will ensure growth in the primary sector. The analysis showed that as of today the extractive industry companies demonstrate low performance efficiency (a slowdown in production growth rate, fluctuations in cost effectiveness and profits, a significant share of unprofitable businesses), their technical and production capacity fail to meet the global trends which is underpinned by ineffective opportunity management in the given sector. For extractive industries, change management gains critical importance subject to their high environmental dynamism. Changes in the business environment in the mining and quarrying sectors are generated by the factors of space, time, consumer, safety, products, price – all of which initiate external changes; reduce (curtail) lag changes; trigger changes in the market infrastructure and the range of related services; promote government support extension; yet again prove the need for changes in extraction engineering and technology, raw materials processing and enrichment; assign changes in approaches to cost control and pricing methods. The key messages that make companies move forward to change should be: increasing difficulties in confronting the entropic effects of the external environment; crisis phenomena within companies; deterioration of market environment; company management or any stakeholders’ (their groups) initiatives of changes; contact group information on certain requirements for products, prices, resources cost, etc. The research findings have revealed the following headwinds that hamper changes: the lack of effective management and professional managers capable of implementing the entire cycle of changes; inefficient organizational structure, the presence of conflicts in the organization; resistance to change; undeveloped corporate culture of the enterprise.

scholarly journals The Issues and Challenges Faced by Malay Cuisine in the Foreign Market

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Rahman Abdullah ◽  
Aniza Arifin ◽  
Azlina Samsudin ◽  
Sabaianah Bachok ◽  
Harnizam Zahari
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Meal Preparation ◽  
New Generation

The traditional food of a culture in a society is continuously inherited from the old generation to the new generation. The traditional element is an in-depth understanding of the function of each material, techniques of preparation, and the practice in our daily cooking. This understanding in the form of preparation, meal preparation, tips, use of certain equipment, and raw materials are mysteries difficult to be unravelled. The Malay cultural heritage food is an integral asset among Malaysians in general and the Malay race in particular. Malay cuisine is one of the special and unique blended of many traditions from around the region. However, when Malay culture and cuisine are introduced to other countries, they faced certain hurdles and challenges. This study investigates the issues and challenges faced by Malay cuisine in the foreign market. The points in question are, 1) Why are Malay cuisine difficult to be exported to other countries 2) Why Malay cuisine is less popular than cuisines from other countries? 3) What are the factors that make foods from a country of origin can be successfully exported? These issues and challenges will be parsed and discussed based on the existing written collection. Recommendations will be made on the mechanisms that enable the success of Malay cuisine food to be commercialized abroad, as well as future research examining the success factors of traditional food exported abroad.  

Comparative Histochemical analysis of above-ground parts of Filipendula vulgaris and Filipendula ulmaria growing in Central Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 4863-4867
Author(s):  
Yerbolat Tulebayev A. ◽  
Margarita Ishmuratova Yu. ◽  
Irina Losseva V. ◽  
Wirginia Kukuła-Koch ◽  
Ewa Poleszak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Histochemical Analysis ◽  
Filipendula Ulmaria ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Related Substances ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
The Republic

The histochemical analysis of medicinal plants and raw materials makes it possible to establish the presence of certain groups of active and related substances or products of their metabolism, as well as to study their localization in tissues. The article presents the results of histochemical analysis of leaves, flowers, petioles and stems of Filipendula vulgaris and Filipendula ulmaria. These types of plant are used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and bactericidal agent. Our research objective - to determine the peculiarities of the localization features of individual groups of secondary metabolites in the aerial part of meadowsweet and meadowsweet growing in the territory of Central Kazakhstan at the microscopic level. Materials and Methods. Transverse sections of petioles, stem and whole flower; transverse and superficial sections of leaves of Filipendula vulgaris and Filipendula ulmaria were fixed in Strauss-Fleming solution, after which histochemical reactions were carried out to locate and identify essential oils, phenolic acids, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, polysaccharides and alkaloids. The study of microscopic signs, as well as histochemical tests were carried out according to the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan using a light microscope Biomed-4. Results and Discussion. The localization of biologically active substances in the studied types of plant raw materials was determined by histochemical methods using light microscopy. The presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, traces of essential oil, alkaloids and sesquiterpene lactones was established. The absence of polysaccharides in the investigated micropreparations was established. Conclusions. For the first time, the localization of secondary metabolites in the tissues of Filipendula vulgaris and Filipendula ulmaria was studied by histochemical tests. The results of histochemical studies can be used to confirm the authenticity, identification and standardization of the aerial parts of Filipendula vulgaris and Filipendula ulmaria.

Nanotechnology for Filtration-Based Point-of-Use Water Treatment

2016 ◽  
pp. 27-49
Author(s):  
Kathryn Gwenyth Nunnelley ◽  
James A Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Home Treatment ◽  
New Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
New Development ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Filter Papers ◽  
Antimicrobial Effectiveness

With significant infrastructure investments required for centralized water treatment, in home treatment technologies, known as point-of-use, have become a popular solution in the developing world. This review discusses current filtration-based point-of-use water treatment technologies in three major categories: ceramics, papers and textiles. Each of these categories has used silver for added antimicrobial effectiveness. Ceramics have had the most development and market infiltration, while filter papers are a new development. Textiles show promise for future research as a cheap, socially acceptable, and effective method. Also, a new method of silver incorporation in ceramics is explored.

scholarly journals Systematic review of sourcing and 3D printing: make-or-buy decisions in industrial buyer–supplier relationships

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias M. Meyer ◽  
Andreas H. Glas ◽  
Michael Eßig
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Academic Journal ◽  
New Production ◽  
Supplier Relationships ◽  
Journal Literature ◽  
Theoretical Approaches

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) is regarded as a technology that has transformative and disruptive potential in nearly all industries. However, AM is not only about new production equipment and processes. Given the decreasing degree of vertical integration in many companies, suppliers add significant value to the finished product. AM might lead to the redesign of production networks, including a scenario in which the buyer uses AM to produce parts with data provided by suppliers. Overall, AM could have a major impact on the ways in which buyers and suppliers collaborate in the future. Nevertheless, research on AM in the field of industrial procurement remains scarce. This is surprising, given that AM is not only changing traditional procurement categories and creating new ones (comprising printers, powder raw materials, data and the associated engineering services) but AM’s widely discussed potential for decentralisation might also restructure the logistical aspects (transport, stocks) of supply chains. In addition, AM may resurrect the old procurement question of ‘make or buy’. Current research focuses on the logistical aspects of AM and concerns such issues of decentralisation (such as the diminishing need for transportation and the design of transport networks). In contrast, this research addresses the question of whether AM demands new answers to strategic sourcing questions. For this purpose, academic journal literature concerning procurement and AM search strings is reviewed. Selected articles are analysed using a fine-grained analytical framework of procurement strategies. The findings show that existing research lacks theoretical approaches and a systematic view of the topic. Specifically, the analysis reveals a number of distinct knowledge gaps, which present several potential directions for future research.

A review on the mechanical properties of textile structural composite T-beams

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 710-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwei Ouyang ◽  
Xianyan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Structural Composite ◽  
Delamination Resistance ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Future Research Directions

In order to review the most effective ways to improve the mechanical properties of composite T-beams and further increase their application potential, research progress on the mechanical properties of textile structural composite T-beams was summarized based on two-dimensional (2-D) ply structure composite T-beams, delamination resistance enhanced 2-D ply structure T-beams, and three-dimensional (3-D) textile structural composite T-beams; future research directions for composite T-beams were also considered. From existing literature, the research status and application bottlenecks of 2-D ply structure composite T-beams and T-beams with enhanced delamination resistance performance were described, as were the specific classification, research progress, and mechanical properties of 3-D textile structural composite T-beams. In addition, the superior mechanical properties of 3-D braided textile structural composite T-beams, specifically their application potential based on excellent delamination resistance capacity, were highlighted. Future research directions for composite T-beams, that is, the applications of high-performance raw materials, locally enhanced design, structural blending enhancement, functionality, and intelligence are presented in this review.

scholarly journals Costs and Profitability of Crops for Bioeconomy in the EU

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calliope Panoutsou ◽  
Efthymia Alexopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Unused Land ◽  
Good Yielding ◽  
Cost Efficient

The bioeconomy is the cornerstone of the EU’s policy for shifting economic and societal trends towards circularity and low carbon arrangements. Europe has several crops that can be used as raw materials for this purpose, however pressure on land which might displace other activities and industrial competition for cost efficient raw materials remains a challenge. Hence, ensuring good yielding capacity and examining the likelihood to produce more by exploiting low quality, unused land can present significant opportunities to increase sustainable, locally sourced supply and at the same time offer profitable solutions to both industry and the farmers. This paper estimates the production costs of fourteen crops (oil, sugar, starch and lignocellulosic) and analyses how their profitability can be influenced by yield increases and cultivation in low quality land. Results show that there are profitable options for all crops under current market prices and land types except for cases in countries where crop productivity is rather low to sustain farm incomes. The analysis confirms that Europe has plenty crop options as raw materials for bioeconomy. Decision makers however must ensure future research and policy support are oriented towards sustainable yield increases and accelerate rehabilitation of land that is unused and of low quality.

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