Investigations in the Triticinae I. Colchicine techniques for chromosome doubling in interspecific and intergeneric hybridization

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. H. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Differential Cross ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridization ◽  
Intergeneric Crosses ◽  
Small Glass ◽  
Group Response ◽  
Cut Leaves ◽  
Plant Fertility ◽  
Methods Of Application

1. Sixteen colchicine treatments, involving five main methods of application and six concentrations, have been used on Triticum interspecific crosses, Triticum—Aegilops intergeneric crosses and Agropyron—Triticum intergeneric crosses.2. The efficacy of the major treatments in terms of plant survival, plant fertility and ear fertility has been compared, and the most successful method of application has been found to be absorption through the cut leaves—i.e. capping cut-back tillers with a small glass phial containing colchicine.3. Fertility induced by colchicine is not complete. In plants producing grain, every ear is not necessarily fertile, nor are all spikelets in fertile ears usually fertile.4. Evidence has been obtained of differential cross response to colchicine action, and also of cross-group response to particular treatments.

scholarly journals Interspecific and Intergeneric Hybridization in Baptisia and Thermopsis

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1177-1181
Author(s):  
Susan M. Hawkins ◽  
John M. Ruter ◽  
Carol D. Robacker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridization ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Intergeneric Crosses ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Putative Hybrids

Interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed between species in the genera Baptisia and Thermopsis with the goal of creating hybrids with the best qualities of both parents. Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. was used as both the male and female parent in intergeneric crosses. Thermopsis chinensis Benth. ex S. Moore, T. lupinoides (L.) Link, and T. villosa Fernald & B.G. Schub. were used as male and female parents in both interspecific and intergeneric crosses. Pollen was collected from B. alba (L.) Vent., B. bracteata Muhl. ex Elliott, and B. lanceolata (Walt.) Ell. and used to make interspecific and intergeneric crosses. Putative hybrids were obtained from both interspecific and intergeneric crosses. Interspecific crosses produced a higher percentage of pollinations resulting in seed set and the number of seeds per pollination than intergeneric crosses. Morphological differences between parent species and progeny were evident in putative hybrids resulting from intergeneric crosses between T. villosa and B. australis and T. villosa and B. alba. Most putative hybrids bloomed during the second year after germination. Because seedlings could be obtained from both interspecific and intergeneric crosses, hybrids within and between the genera Baptisia and Thermopsis are feasible. The Fabaceae family contains 670–750 genera and 18,000–19,000 species. Baptisia (commonly called false or wild indigo) and Thermopsis (commonly named false lupine) of the Fabaceae belong to the tribe Thermopsidae, which comprises 46 species in six genera. All species in Thermopsis and Baptisia are herbaceous; they are the only two genera in Thermopsidae that do not have woody species. Thermopsis contains 23 species and has a wide-spread distribution with species endemic to Asia and much of temperate North America. Although Thermopsis is considered to have originated in central Asia, T. chinensis Benth. ex S. Moore and T. fabacea (Pallas) Candole are thought to have originated in North America and migrated over the Bering Land Strait to Asia. Three Thermopsis species, T. fraxinifolia Nutt. ex M.A. Curtis, T. mollis (Michx.) M.A. Curtis ex A. Gray, and T. villosa Fernald & B.G. Schub., are native to the southeastern United States. Baptisia contains 15–17 species that are endemic to the southeastern and midwestern United States.

scholarly journals Interspecific and Intergeneric Hybridization in Dissotis and Tibouchina

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Hawkins ◽  
John M. Ruter ◽  
Carol D. Robacker
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridization ◽  
Conventional Breeding ◽  
Intergeneric Crosses

Four species of Dissotis and three species of Tibouchina, two genera of the Melastomataceae family, were crossed in an attempt to create interspecific and intergeneric hybrids. Intergeneric crosses set seed at a rate of 18.1% and interspecific crosses had a 32.3% rate of seed set. Germination was extremely poor, with only four crosses having germinated seed. Crosses produced 31 seedlings. Three of the seedlings were from intergeneric crosses between Dissotis canescens and Tibouchina lepidota. Interspecific crosses produced 25 seedlings from crosses between Dissotis princeps and Dissotis rotundifolia and three seedlings from crosses between D. canescens and D. princeps. The prognosis for conventional breeding for species in Dissotis and Tibouchina is poor due to low seed set, poor germination, and slow growth of progeny.

scholarly journals Influence of various chemical compounds on postharvest longevity of cut leaves of Waldsteinia geoides Willd.

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria P. Ulczycka-Walorska ◽  
Agnieszka Krzymińska
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Postharvest Longevity ◽  
Cut Leaves ◽  
Leaf Greenness ◽  
Greenness Index ◽  
Methods Of Application

The influence of conditioning and different methods of application of chemical compounds on cut leaves of <em>Waldsteinia geoides </em>was assessed<em>.</em> Gibberellic acid and benzyladenine at a concentration of 50 or 100 mg × dm<sup>-3</sup>, and 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate at a concentration of 200 mg × dm<sup>-3</sup> were used in the process of conditioning. The leaves were conditioned in two different ways. In the first one, half of leaf stalks were soaked for 24 hours. In the latter, whole leaf blades were dipped for thirty seconds. Cut leaves were stored either in water or in the solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate at a concentration of 200 mg × dm<sup>-3</sup>. It was both the chemical compounds applied and the application method that influenced the postharvest longevity of the leaves. The leaves conditioned in 8HQS and stored in water, those conditioned in BA at a concentration of 50 mg × dm<sup>-3</sup> and stored in 8HQS, and those which were not conditioned and stored in 8HQS exhibited the highest level of postharvest longevity. The application of 8HQS for conditioning had a favorable effect on the increase in the weight of<em> Waldsteinia geoides</em> cut leaves<em>.</em> 8HQS applied in storing resulted in a smaller decrease in the values of the leaf greenness index.

scholarly journals Introgression of yellow flower colour in Buddleja davidii by means of polyploidisation and interspecific hybridisation

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 96-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Van Laere ◽  
J. Van Huylenbroeck ◽  
E. Van Bockstaele
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Flower Colour ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Interspecific Hybridisation ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Buddleja Davidii ◽  
Genomic In Situ Hybridisation

To introduce yellow colour in the commercial Buddleja davidii (2n = 4x = 76) assortment, an interspecific breeding programme with B. globosa (2n = 2x = 38) was started. The first step was to perform chromosome doubling in B. globosa. Two of the obtained tetraploid B. globosa plants were subsequently used as male parent in interspecific crosses with the white flowering B. davidii cv. Nanhoensis Alba. In total 182 interspecific crosses were made and 18 F1 hybrids were obtained. Genome size measurements, chromosome counts and genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH) analysis proved the hybrid nature of most of the F1 hybrids. Plant morphology also expressed hybrid characteristics. F1 seedlings inherited the yellowish flower colour from B. globosa. As for many other woody ornamentals, the creation of hybrids through interspecific hybridisation along with polyploidisation offers new opportunities for breeding in Buddleja.

Elimination of 5S DNA unit classes in newly formed allopolyploids of the genera Aegilops and Triticum

Genome ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 430-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Baum ◽  
M. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridization ◽  
Unit Classes ◽  
5S Dna ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

Two classes of 5S DNA units, namely the short (containing units of 410 bp) and the long (containing units of 500 bp), are recognized in species of the wheat (the genera Aegilops and Triticum ) group. While every diploid species of this group contains 2 unit classes, the short and the long, every allopolyploid species contains a smaller number of unit classes than the sum of the unit classes of its parental species. The aim of this study was to determine whether the reduction in these unit classes is due to the process of allopolyploidization, that is, interspecific or intergeneric hybridization followed by chromosome doubling, and whether it occurs during or soon after the formation of the allopolyploids. To study this, the number and types of unit classes were determined in several newly formed allotetraploids, allohexaploids, and an allooctoploid of Aegilops and Triticum. It was found that elimination of unit classes of 5S DNA occurred soon (in the first 3 generations) after the formation of the allopolyploids. This elimination was reproducible, that is, the same unit classes were eliminated in natural and synthetic allopolyploids having the same genomic combinations. No further elimination occurred in the unit classes of the 5S DNA during the life of the allopolyploid. The genetic and evolutionary significance of this elimination as well as the difference in response to allopolyploidization of 5S DNA and rDNA are discussed.

PARENTAL EFFECTS ON CHROMOSOME DOUBLING FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY TRITICALE

1981 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridization ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Independent Effects

Intergeneric hybridization between six hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and five inbred rye (Secale cereale L.) lines was used to study the influence of parental genotypes upon chromosome doubling after colchicine treatment. Significant differences were attributed to independent effects of the wheat and rye parents. Self-fertility of the derived amphidiploids was positively correlated with colchicine responsiveness.

Nuclear DNA amount and genome downsizing in natural and synthetic allopolyploids of the genera Aegilops and Triticum

Genome ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 616-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Eilam ◽  
Y. Anikster ◽  
E. Millet ◽  
J. Manisterski ◽  
M. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridization ◽  
Dna Amount ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Nuclear Dna Amount ◽  
Dna Amounts

Recent molecular studies in the genera Aegilops and Triticum showed that allopolyploidization (interspecific or intergeneric hybridization followed by chromosome doubling) generated rapid elimination of low-copy or high-copy, non-coding and coding DNA sequences. The aims of this work were to determine the amount of nuclear DNA in allopolyploid species of the group and to see to what extent elimination of DNA sequences affected genome size. Nuclear DNA amount was determined by the flow cytometry method in 27 natural allopolyploid species (most of which were represented by several lines and each line by several plants) as well as 14 newly synthesized allopolyploids (each represented by several plants) and their parental plants. Very small intraspecific variation in DNA amount was found between lines of allopolyploid species collected from different habitats or between wild and domesticated forms of allopolyploid wheat. In contrast to the constancy in nuclear DNA amount at the intraspecific level, there are significant differences in genome size between the various allopolyploid species, at both the tetraploid and hexaploid levels. In most allopolyploids nuclear DNA amount was significantly less than the sum of DNA amounts of the parental species. Newly synthesized allopolyploids exhibited a similar decrease in nuclear DNA amount in the first generation, indicating that genome downsizing occurs during and (or) immediately after the formation of the allopolyploids and that there are no further changes in genome size during the life of the allopolyploids. Phylogenetic considerations of the origin of the B genome of allopolyploid wheat, based on nuclear DNA amount, are discussed.

Cytotaxonomy of Australian Danthonia

1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Brock ◽  
JAM Brown
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Meiotic Behaviour ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Meiotic Pairing ◽  
Intermediate Morphology ◽  
True Breeding ◽  
Cross Compatibility ◽  
Relationship Of

Cytological and cytogenetic studies of 29 Australian species of Danthonia revealed an extensive polyploid series ranging from 2n = 24 to 2n = 120. Meiosis was regular and fertility high in the species. Field hybrids were detected by aberrant chromosome number, meiotic behaviour, and reduced fertility. An extensive series of interspecific crosses resulted in some viable hybrids but many combinations failed or gave F1 plants which failed to flower. Most viable F1 plants were highly sterile. Diploid hybrids were completely sterile, but in higher polyploids crossing was more often successful and hybrids had increased fertility. Meiotic pairing and chiasma frequency were drastically reduced in all F1s. Multivalent associations indicated gross structural rearrangements. The restoration of fertility by chromosome doubling indicated cryptic structural changes. Neither cross compatibility nor meiotic behaviour showed any strong relationship with taxonomic grouping. These results together with the intermediate morphology of F1s and the increased morphological variation in polyploid forms of D. caespitosa and D. linkii strongly suggest alloploidy as the main mechanism of evolution of the polyploid species. Twenty-three of the species had Panicoid type of epidermis and Festucoid chloroplast arrangement. The exceptions were D. pallida, D. procera, D. frigicla, D. nivicola, D. nudiflora, and D. sp. indescr. These studies throw light on the relationship of the arid form, D. bipartita, the alpine forms D. frigida, D. nivicola, and D. nuclifiora, and the highly variable forms such as D. caespitosa and D. linkii with the rest of the genus. Plant improvement by conventional methods would be virtually impossible unless restricted to high polyploids and intraspecific crossing, but true-breeding, highly fertile amphidiploids could be produced.

scholarly journals Intergeneric Hybridizaton between Schlumbergera Lem. and Hatiora Britt. & Rose (Cactaceae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 724-730
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Boyle ◽  
Alexander Idnurm
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridization ◽  
Intergeneric Crosses ◽  
Mature Embryos

Post-pollination barriers to intergeneric hybridization between Easter cactus [Hatiora gaertneri (Regel) Barthlott, H. rosea (Lagerheim) Barthlott, and H. ×graeseri Barthlott ex D. Hunt] and holiday cactus [Schlumbergera truncata (Haworth) Moran and S. ×buckleyi (Buckley) Tjaden] were determined and procedures were devised for circumventing these barriers. Examination of Hatiora and Schlumbergera pistils at 72 hours after intergeneric crosses indicated no abnormalities in pollen germination or pollen tube growth in the upper style. Pollen tubes of Hatiora were arrested in the lower half of Schlumbergera styles and failed to enter the ovary. Schlumbergera pollen tubes exhibited normal growth in Hatiora styles but most tubes lost directionality, burst, or failed to penetrate the micropyles after reaching the ovary. Three growth regulators (BA, GA3 and NAAm) were applied individually to ovaries of `Crimson Giant' Easter cactus after intergeneric crosses. GA3 and NAAm increased fruit set compared to the control (lanolin alone) or BA but none of the fruit harvested 160 days after pollination contained mature embryos. Four progeny were obtained when a short-styled S. ×buckleyi clone was crossed as a female parent with H. ×graeseri. Isozyme patterns and morphological characteristics confirmed that the four progeny were intergeneric hybrids. This is the first report of successful intergeneric hybridization between Hatiora and Schlumbergera. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; gibberellic acid (GA3); α-naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm).

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