scholarly journals Intergeneric Hybridizaton between Schlumbergera Lem. and Hatiora Britt. & Rose (Cactaceae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 724-730
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Boyle ◽  
Alexander Idnurm

Post-pollination barriers to intergeneric hybridization between Easter cactus [Hatiora gaertneri (Regel) Barthlott, H. rosea (Lagerheim) Barthlott, and H. ×graeseri Barthlott ex D. Hunt] and holiday cactus [Schlumbergera truncata (Haworth) Moran and S. ×buckleyi (Buckley) Tjaden] were determined and procedures were devised for circumventing these barriers. Examination of Hatiora and Schlumbergera pistils at 72 hours after intergeneric crosses indicated no abnormalities in pollen germination or pollen tube growth in the upper style. Pollen tubes of Hatiora were arrested in the lower half of Schlumbergera styles and failed to enter the ovary. Schlumbergera pollen tubes exhibited normal growth in Hatiora styles but most tubes lost directionality, burst, or failed to penetrate the micropyles after reaching the ovary. Three growth regulators (BA, GA3 and NAAm) were applied individually to ovaries of `Crimson Giant' Easter cactus after intergeneric crosses. GA3 and NAAm increased fruit set compared to the control (lanolin alone) or BA but none of the fruit harvested 160 days after pollination contained mature embryos. Four progeny were obtained when a short-styled S. ×buckleyi clone was crossed as a female parent with H. ×graeseri. Isozyme patterns and morphological characteristics confirmed that the four progeny were intergeneric hybrids. This is the first report of successful intergeneric hybridization between Hatiora and Schlumbergera. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; gibberellic acid (GA3); α-naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm).

Author(s):  
R. Mohammed Aseef ◽  
K. Soorianathasundaram ◽  
P. Paramaguru ◽  
P. Muthulakshmi ◽  
A. John Joel ◽  
...  

Research was conducted at the University Orchard, Horticultural College and Research Institute, to investigate the extent of pollen production, pollen fertility, fruit set, fruit growth and seed set as well as seedling vigour when two wild relatives of papaya (Vasconcellea cauliflora and Vasconcellea candamarcensis) are involved in the hybridization programme as male parents with three papaya cultivars (CO 7, TNAU Papaya CO 8 and Pusa Nanha) as female parents. Among the two wild relatives, V. candamarcensis was more polleniferous but with significantly lesser pollen viability and germination than V. cauliflora. Among the six intergeneric crosses, although the fruit set ranged from 60.00% to 93.33% the fruit retention till harvest was only 30.77 per cent to 35.71 per cent. The study also revealed metaxenic influence of wild parent on the growth of the fruits derived after crossing. Seed set was observed only with CO 7 as female parent but the seed size and weight, germination and seedling vigour recorded by intergeneric crosses of CO 7 with Vasconcellea were found to be low. The implications of the observations are discussed in relevance to employing the wild relatives for improvement of papaya.


1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério Gribel ◽  
Peter E. Gibbs ◽  
Aldenora L. Queiróz

The flowering and fruiting phenology, floral biology, pollination ecology, and breeding system of the emergent tree Ceiba pentandra were studied in the Brazilian Central Amazon. Of the 21 trees studied, 17 flowered once or twice during the 6-y study period. The mass flowering and relatively high production of nectar per flower (mean of 310 μl) resulted in a high nectar production (over 200 l per tree per season). Flowers were visited by a wide range of nocturnal (bats, marsupials, night monkeys, hawk moths) and diurnal (bees, wasps, hummingbirds) animals, but only phyllostomid bats, especially Phyllostomus hastatus and Phyllostomus discolor, played a relevant role promoting cross-pollination. Pollinations which occurred in the early morning by diurnal floral visitors were ineffective since pollen tubes did not traverse the style and reach the ovary before stylar abscission. Despite the apparently normal growth of the self-pollen tubes, controlled pollinations carried out in one tree revealed no fruit set by selfing and 16.8% fruit set by crossing. Progeny analysis from this ‘self-incompatible’ tree using isozyme markers showed that fruits resulting from mixed-pollination (i.e., 50% self- plus 50% cross-pollen on the stigma) set only 1.6% of selfed seeds. The percentage of outcrossed seeds in fruits resulting from open-pollination in two neighbouring planted trees, which flowered in isolation and concomitantly, was estimated at 91% and 71%. Two isolated trees did not set any fruits despite massive flowering, whereas two others set large quantities of seed, supporting data in the literature stating that variable degrees of self-fertility may occur in this species.RESUMO. A fenologia de floração e de frutificação, a biologia floral, a ecologia de polinização e o sistema reprodutivo da árvore emergente Ceiba pentandra foram estudados na Amazônia Central Brasileira. Dezessete das 21 árvores estudadas (doze nativas e nove plantadas de sementes de procedência desconhecida) floriram uma ou duas vezes cada uma durante os seis anos do estudo. A maior parte das árvores nativas floriu massivamente somente em 1993 e 1996, enquanto que algumas das árvores plantadas floriram massivamente somente em 1992 e 1997. A floração massiva e a relativamente alta produção de néctar por flor (média de 310 μl de néctar secretado por flor por noite) resultaram em uma alta produção de néctar por árvore (maisde 200 l de néctar por árvore por estação de floração). As flores de C. pentandra foram visitadas por uma grande variedade de animais noturnos (morcegos, marsupiais, macacos-da-noite, mariposas) e diurnos (abelhas, vespas, beija-flores), mas somente morcegos, especialmente Phyllostomus hastatus e Phyllostomus discolor, parecem exercer papel relevante promovendo a polinização cruzada. Não foram detectadas diferenças na capacidade dos tubos polínicos originados do auto-pólem e do pólem cruzado de se desenvolverem até o ovário e penetrarem nos óvulos. Polinizações que ocorreram no início da manhã foram inefetivas, uma vez que os tubos polínicos não tiveram suficiente tempo para atravessarem o estilete antes da sua abscisão. Apesar do aparente desenvolvimento normal dos tubos polínicos oriundos do auto-pólem, polinizações controladas executadas em uma árvore resultaram em nenhuma produção de frutos em flores auto-polinizadas e em 16,8% de produção de frutos nas flores que sofreram polinização cruzada. A produção natural de frutos (polinização aberta) na mesma árvore foi estimada em 0,7%. O uso de marcadores isoenzimáticos na análise genética da progênie dessa mesma árvore ‘auto-incompatível’ revelou que, em frutos resultantes de polinizações mistas (isto é; uma mistura contendo 50% auto-pólem e 50% pólem cruzado, depositada no estigma), apenas cerca de 1,6% das sementes foram originadas por eventos de auto-fecundação. A proporção de sementes originadas por fecundação cruzada em frutos formados naturalmente em duas árvores plantadas e vizinhas, que floriram isoladamente e concomitantemente em 1992, foi de 91% e 71%, respectivamente. Duas árvores isoladas não produziram frutos, apesar de intensa floração, enquanto que outras duas também isoladas frutificaram em abundância. Essas observações reforçam dados da literatura que indicam a ocorrência de níveis muito variáveis de auto-fertilidade entre as árvores dessa espécie.


HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1277-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Yoder ◽  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Leon Combs ◽  
Ross Byers ◽  
Jim McFerson ◽  
...  

Effects of temperature and the combination of liquid lime sulfur (LLS) and fish oil (FO) applied during bloom on pollen germination and pollen tube growth in flowers and fruit set were examined in apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). Percent germination of pollen of ‘Manchurian’ crabapples and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple flowers on the stigmatic surface of ‘Golden Delicious’ pistils increased with increasing temperature from 13 to 29 °C in the first 24 and 48 h after pollination, respectively, but not thereafter. Pollen tube growth rate in the style increased quadratically with increasing temperature from 13 to 29 °C. ‘Manchurian’ was a more effective pollenizer of ‘Golden Delicious’ than was ‘Golden Delicious’ pollen. For example, at 24 or 29 °C, some ‘Manchurian’ pollen tubes grew to the base of ‘Golden Delicious’ styles by 24 h after pollination. On the other hand, no ‘Golden Delicious’ pollen tube grew to the base of a ‘Golden Delicious’ style regardless of temperature and time. Pollen tube growth rate in the style increased with increasing day/night temperature from 7/0 to 24/7 °C. The time required for pollen tubes to grow to the base of styles decreased with increasing day/night temperature from 13/2 to 24/7 °C. Only ≈36 h was required for pollen tubes to grow to the base of style at 24/7 °C, whereas pollen tubes grew very slowly and no pollen tubes grew to the base of style at 7/0 °C regardless of pollen source. LLS + FO, applied 4 or 24 h after pollination, inhibited pollen germination, pollen tube growth in the style, fertilization, and fruit set, but it had no effect when applied 48 h after pollination. These results suggest that LLS + FO applied at this bloom stage causes flower or fruit abscission most likely by inhibiting pollen germination, pollen tube growth in the style, and fertilization.


HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1054-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalil R. Jahed ◽  
Peter M. Hirst

Pollination is an essential prerequisite for the production of many fruit and seed crops, including apple. In apple, successful fertilization requires pollen transfer to the stigma, pollen germination, and successful pollen tube growth resulting in fruit set. Precise selection of the most effective pollinizers for commercial orchards is not possible however, until these processes are more fully understood. The present study was undertaken to compare pollinizers in terms of pollen tube growth and fruit set. On trees of ‘Honeycrisp’, ‘Fuji’, and ‘Gala’ from which bees were excluded, flowers were hand-pollinated using pollen collected from crabapple (‘Ralph Shay’ or Malus floribunda), ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. Flowers were harvested at one, two, three, and four days after pollination (DAP). Pollen source had a significant influence on pollen germination on the stigmatic surface, number of pollen tubes penetrating the stigma, distance of pollen tube growth down the style, and pollen tubes reaching the base of the style. In ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘Gala’, ‘Golden Delicious’ pollen grew the fastest, followed by ‘Delicious’ and crabapple. Neither ‘Ralph Shay’ nor Malus floribunda were effective pollinizers for ‘Honeycrisp’ and resulted in low fruit set suggesting incompatibility may be involved. However, both these crabapples were effective pollinizers for ‘Fuji’ and ‘Gala’. These results indicate that pollen source can have a tremendous impact on pollen tube growth and fruit set. The physiological basis for these effects is not clear, but implications for pollinizer selection are obvious.


HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1177-1181
Author(s):  
Susan M. Hawkins ◽  
John M. Ruter ◽  
Carol D. Robacker

Interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed between species in the genera Baptisia and Thermopsis with the goal of creating hybrids with the best qualities of both parents. Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. was used as both the male and female parent in intergeneric crosses. Thermopsis chinensis Benth. ex S. Moore, T. lupinoides (L.) Link, and T. villosa Fernald & B.G. Schub. were used as male and female parents in both interspecific and intergeneric crosses. Pollen was collected from B. alba (L.) Vent., B. bracteata Muhl. ex Elliott, and B. lanceolata (Walt.) Ell. and used to make interspecific and intergeneric crosses. Putative hybrids were obtained from both interspecific and intergeneric crosses. Interspecific crosses produced a higher percentage of pollinations resulting in seed set and the number of seeds per pollination than intergeneric crosses. Morphological differences between parent species and progeny were evident in putative hybrids resulting from intergeneric crosses between T. villosa and B. australis and T. villosa and B. alba. Most putative hybrids bloomed during the second year after germination. Because seedlings could be obtained from both interspecific and intergeneric crosses, hybrids within and between the genera Baptisia and Thermopsis are feasible. The Fabaceae family contains 670–750 genera and 18,000–19,000 species. Baptisia (commonly called false or wild indigo) and Thermopsis (commonly named false lupine) of the Fabaceae belong to the tribe Thermopsidae, which comprises 46 species in six genera. All species in Thermopsis and Baptisia are herbaceous; they are the only two genera in Thermopsidae that do not have woody species. Thermopsis contains 23 species and has a wide-spread distribution with species endemic to Asia and much of temperate North America. Although Thermopsis is considered to have originated in central Asia, T. chinensis Benth. ex S. Moore and T. fabacea (Pallas) Candole are thought to have originated in North America and migrated over the Bering Land Strait to Asia. Three Thermopsis species, T. fraxinifolia Nutt. ex M.A. Curtis, T. mollis (Michx.) M.A. Curtis ex A. Gray, and T. villosa Fernald & B.G. Schub., are native to the southeastern United States. Baptisia contains 15–17 species that are endemic to the southeastern and midwestern United States.


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Murni Dwiati ◽  
Agus Susanto ◽  
Lucky Prayoga

Abstract. Dwiati M, Susanto AH, Prayoga L. 2020. Intergeneric hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 x Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ showing maternal inheritance: Genetic analysis based on ndhE partial gene. Biodiversitas 21: 5138-5145. Genetic characterization in the intergeneric hybridization of orchids employing a particular molecular marker, such as ndhE gene, is needed to avoid phenotypic plasticity. The hybridization between Phalaenopsis 2166 as a female parent and Vanda ‘Saint Valentine'as a male parent has been successfully made to produce various leaf shapes and colors of the hybrid seedlings, which tend to resemble those of the female parent. This study aims to assess whether the maternally phenotypic traits of the hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 x Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ are congruent with the inheritance pattern of ndhE partial sequences. The result reveals that the ndhE partial sequences of the hybrids are seemingly similar to that of Phalaenopsis 2166 as the female parent rather than to that of Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’. It is also found that three hybrids, i.e. F1.9, F1.11, and F1.14 show slightly different ndhE partial sequences from those of the other hybrids in that some base substitutions are observed. In general, the ndhE partial sequences of the hybrids are maternally inherited. This finding provides a fact that maternally phenotypic traits of the hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 x Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ have strong genetic background rather than environmental involvement.


HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Hawkins ◽  
John M. Ruter ◽  
Carol D. Robacker

Four species of Dissotis and three species of Tibouchina, two genera of the Melastomataceae family, were crossed in an attempt to create interspecific and intergeneric hybrids. Intergeneric crosses set seed at a rate of 18.1% and interspecific crosses had a 32.3% rate of seed set. Germination was extremely poor, with only four crosses having germinated seed. Crosses produced 31 seedlings. Three of the seedlings were from intergeneric crosses between Dissotis canescens and Tibouchina lepidota. Interspecific crosses produced 25 seedlings from crosses between Dissotis princeps and Dissotis rotundifolia and three seedlings from crosses between D. canescens and D. princeps. The prognosis for conventional breeding for species in Dissotis and Tibouchina is poor due to low seed set, poor germination, and slow growth of progeny.


Genetika ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-680
Author(s):  
Milica Fotiric-Aksic ◽  
Vera Rakonjac ◽  
Dragan Nikolic ◽  
Slavica Colic ◽  
Dragan Milatovic ◽  
...  

To obtain high yields there should be high flower density and fruit set in sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) production. Furthermore, in order to ensure successful fertilization, there should be satisfactory stigma receptivity, rapid pollen tube growth along the style, as well as adequate ovule longevity. This manuscript presents the study of the effective pollination period (EPP) of four ?Oblacinska? sour cherry clones (II/2, III/9, XI/3 and XIII/1) that differs in pollen germination, fruit set and yields. In order to estimate EPP, pollination was conducted in six different stages of flower development: balloon stage, 2 d before anthesis (-2), at anthesis (0), and 2, 4, 6 and 8 d after anth?sis (DAA). The initial (IFS) and final fruit set (FFS) were recorded under the field conditions. Alongside with this, the rate of pollen tubes growth in the style was observed with fluorescent microscopy. The experimental design was completely randomized, a two-factorial analysis of variance was carried out and individual testing was performed using LSD test (p ? 0.05; p ? 0.01). The experiment was set in triplicates. Regarding FFS, clones II/2 and III/9 showed the best results (p ? 0.01) in 4 and 6 DAA. The number of pollen tubes in the style of the pistil decreased with subsequent terms of pollination, while its number in the ovule increased up to sixth day after pollination, followed by a decline. Clones II/2 and III/9 showed EPP which lasted from 6 to 8 d, while EPP found in clone XI/3, lasted only 2 d. It is concluded that only clone having long EPP should be used as parents for creating new sour cherry cultivars.


2014 ◽  
Vol 651-653 ◽  
pp. 245-251
Author(s):  
Hang Gui Lai ◽  
Xia Chen ◽  
Zheng Chen ◽  
Ya Qiu Zhou ◽  
Wen Jun Ou ◽  
...  

Cassava cultivars are self-compatible, sufficient pollination and fertilization are important factors affecting the rate of fruit set and fruit quality, but the effects of compatible pollination relationships on cassava pollen development and fruit set are poorly understood. In the present study, in situ pollen germination and compatible relationship were investigated by using self-pollination and cross-pollination between two cassava cultivars (SC5 and SC7). The observation in situ pollen germination was carried out with toluidine blue staining method under the fluorescence microscope. The result shows that after self-pollination for 20 min, the pollens, released from SC5 anthers, started to produce pollen tubes and the maximum germination rate (GR) was 39.2%. It cost 60 min for the pollen tubes carrying sperm cells to penetrate through the pistil extracellular matrices of the transmitting tract to the ovary. However, after cross-pollination for 10 min, the pollens started to germinate and maximum GR was 66.8%. It took 30 min for the pollen tube trip to reach ovary. Additionally, the analysis of fruit set indicated that pollination compatibility in cross-pollination was significantly higher than that in self-pollination. This work provided cassava cross breeding a clue that foreign pollen may facilitate fertilization and increase fruit set.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1938
Author(s):  
Catherine Marie Breton ◽  
Daniela Farinelli ◽  
Georgios Koubouris ◽  
Franco Famiani ◽  
Michel Raymond ◽  
...  

The ‘pollen test’ and ‘fruit set test’ following controlled crossing combinations of parents are the most commonly used methods for pollination incompatibility studies in Olea europaea L. Self-incompatibility (SI), with diagnoses based on the pollen test and pollen germination, indicating self-compatibility, is not always followed by fruit set in this species. To solve this dispute, we have reconciled all observations into a new model. Mismatches between field and laboratory data and between methods are resolved by the dual-successive-screen model (DSSM) supposing two different loci for the expression of the two SI mechanisms. Pollen/stigma is controlled by diallelic SI, or DSI, inferring two G1 and G2 compatibility/incompatibility (C/I) groups for varieties, whereas pollen tubes in ovaries are controlled by poly-allelic SI or PASI with twenty C/I groups. To explain the selfing of varieties, we have suggested that some determinants in the pollen tube and stigma are unstable and degrade (DS-D for degradation of S-determinant) after three to five days, enabling some pollen tubes to avoid being rejected, hence reaching ovules. DSI and PASI in the DSSM and DS-D mechanisms, plus the andromonoecy of the olive tree, complexify SI studies. Inferences from DSSM and DS-D mechanisms in olive orchard practice are detailed.


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