Studies of the effects of soil aggregate size on the emergence and growth of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) II. Leaf development

1961 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Hammerton
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Osmotic Effect ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Rapid Emergence

Seedling beet plants grown on a fine soil separate produced more and larger leaves than those grown on coarser separates. This result has been ascribed to the greater quantity of available water, and the better root-soil water contact, in the fine separate compared with the others. Difficulties of root establishment in the coarser separates may retard the start of leaf development relative to that in the fine separates. Soil separates also affected leaf number, in some experiments, through their effect on seedling emergence, in that rapid emergence gave seedlings a slightly longer period for leaf production.Fodder beet plants (variety Red Otofte) had a greater leaf number per plant at all counts than plants of any of the sugar-beet strains grown. Polyploid sugar-beet seedlings had larger leaves than diploid seedling.Nitrogen applications to the seed-bed did not stimulate leaf production. In one instance, heavy fertilizerdressingsretardedleafproduction,probably by an osmotic effect.

Studies of the effects of soil aggregate size on the emergence and growth of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) I. Seedling emergence

1961 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Hammerton
Keyword(s):  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Moisture Supply

A fine soil separate gave the highest and most rapid seedling emergence. This was considered to be due to its better moisture supply characteristics and the lower mechanical impedance compared with coarser seed-beds. There was no evidence that natural seed clusters are any less responsive to soil aggregate size than processed beet seed clusters.Consolidation slightly hastened emergence, though the mechanism of this is not clear. Sowing at ¾ in. was superior to deeper sowing (1½ in.), both in speed of emergence and in ultimate emergence. This was partly an effect of decreased mechanical impedance, and partly due to the shorter period over which the seedlings were susceptible to pathogens. Heavy dressings of soluble fertilizers were found to delay emergence, though without effect on the ultimate emergence.

Growth of `Bartlett' Pear Seedlings in Response to Number of Root-lesion Nematodes and Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-320
Author(s):  
J.L. Townshend
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

The effects of temperature and root-lesion nematodes [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb)] on the growth of newly germinated `Bartlett' pear seedlings (Pyrus communis L.) were examined. At five temperatures from 10 to 30C, P. penetrans (five per gram of soil) did not purple the leaves. After 8 weeks, leaf number, trunk height, and top and root weights were reduced only at 25C. The number of P. penetrans in the roots were greatest at 15 and 20C. At 20C, P. penetrans (16 per gram of soil) caused the leaves of seedlings to turn purple, and, by 6 weeks after treatment, the nematodes had reduced leaf production, trunk elongation, and top and root growth.

The relationship between pellet size and the quantity of imidacloprid applied to sugar beet pellets and the consequences for seedling emergence

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Dewar ◽  
F. Westwood ◽  
K.M. Bean ◽  
L.A. Haylock ◽  
R. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Pellet Size ◽  
The Relationship

Seed-bed cultivations and sugar-beet seedling emergence

1989 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Gummerson
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Fine Aggregates ◽  
Soil Physical Characteristics

SummaryExperiments are described in which a range of seed beds was created in each of 5 years. The weather in these years produced wet, dry and capping seed-bed conditions. The time course of sugar-beet seedling emergence on each seed bed was recorded each year and the differences were considered in terms of soil physical characteristics: much of the year-to-year variation was accounted for by considering thermal time above 3 °C. The differences in emergence between seed beds were large only when conditions were dry, but in all years it was advantageous to level the seed bed in autumn or winter. Seed beds with a dense soil below the seed and fine aggregates above gave the most suitable conditions for rapid and successful emergence.

Grading monogerm sugar-beet seed and its influence on performance

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Longden ◽  
R. K. Scott ◽  
D. W. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
True Seed ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Fruit Diameter

SUMMARYFrom monogerm sugar-beet seed as harvested non-viable fruits have to be eliminated, multigerm ones rejected and the size made sufficiently uniform for use in precision drills. Seed which had been gently rubbed to remove some of the cortex was graded for diameter, thickness and by aspiration, either singly or in combination. Effects of grading were determined by laboratory germination tests, radiography and field sowings in which seedling emergence and crop growth and yield were recorded.Grading by thickness was effective in removing multigerm fruits. Grading by aspiration and diameter rejected non-viable seed and reduced the variation in size. By combining all three grading methods, samples of seed of 80% germination and 90% monogermity were produced, provided the seed lot as threshed gave at least 50% germination. True seed weight increased with fruit diameter but only the first aspiration was effective in removing light true seeds. Radiography showed that both aspiration and, to a less extent, grading by diameter were effective in removing most empty fruits but neither eliminated those with shrivelled seed. The field experiments confirmed that increase in fruit diameter or aspiration gave more seedlings. Even at uniform, high plant density, sugar yields were less from the smallest (less than 3 mm diameter) than from the other grades of seed. The initial aspiration also improved sugar yield but further aspiration decreased yield.

Sodium and Potassium Fertilizer in Relation to Soil Physical Properties and sugar-beet yield

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
M. J. Durrant ◽  
D. B. Davies ◽  
L. V. Vaidyanathan
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Visual Assessments

SummaryDespite much experimental evidence showing that sodium fertilizer increases sugar–beet yield and decreases need for potassium, there is resistance to its use on some soil types through fears of deterioration in soil structure. Twelve field experiments with sugar beet were made in Eastern England, testing all combinations of autumn and spring applications of 0, 150 and 300 kg Na/ha and 0, 83 and 333 kg K/ha. Fields were chosen with soils of loamy very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam and clay loam textures. Micro–plot and controlled environment studies were also made with the same soils to examine effects of sodium on seedling emergence and growth.Visual assessments of soil physical state following sodium application revealed no effect in the year sugar beet was grown nor in the following spring when cereals were grown. Measurements of physical properties of soils treated with sodium suggested that applications of several times the recommended amounts of sodium fertilizer would not damage soil structure. However, sodium fertilizer increased the osmotic suction of soil solution which, under some circumstances, e.g. dry springs or giving the fertilizer close to the time of sowing, decreased germination and seedling growth. For this reason and not because it has a detrimental effect on soil physical condition, sodium fertilizer best given in the autumn or some weeks before sowing.

Growth and seasonality of seedlings and juveniles of primary species of a cloud forest in northern Venezuela

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saúl Flores
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
First Year ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Relative Growth

ABSTRACTThe survival, height and leaf production of seedlings and juveniles of Aspidosperma fendleri and Richena grandis were measured monthly for three years after germination. During the first year, some seedlings and juveniles of Aspidosperma fendleri were collected and the number of rootlets, the primary root length and the shoot: root ratio were determined.Both species show periodicity in growth but their relative growth rate differs between species. For Aspidosperma fendleri, the highest relative growth rate (0.313 y-1) was found for individuals grown under greenhouse conditions followed by individuals growing in an old forest gap (0.143 y-1) and finally individuals under the forest canopy (0.137 y-1). For Richeria grandis, the relative growth rate under the forest canopy was 0.261 y-1. Leaf production for Aspidosperma fendleri in the forest (natural conditions) was 4.39 total mean leaf number for five years and 5.46 total mean leaf number under greenhouse conditions. For Richeria grandis it was 5.34 mean leaf production for four years. The root: shoot ratio for Aspidosperma fendleri was constant during the observation year. Aspidosperma fendleri showed a lower number of rootlets than did Richeria grandis. There was an inverse relationship between growth and survival during the dry season. During this period, mortality was higher and the highest mortality occurred during the first year when the total relative growth rate was highest.Slow growth is evident in both species. This mechanism may represent an adaptive advantage to remain dormant until there is an opening in the forest canopy. Since the seeds of Aspidosperma fendleri and Richeria grandis are highly vulnerable to predators and pathogens, slow growth as seedlings and juveniles allows them to survive, and contributes to regeneration in cloud forest.

Effects of some soil conditions on sugar-beet seedling emergence

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Longden
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Conditioners ◽  
Water Holding

SUMMARYSeven soil conditioners added to a sandy clay soil at Saxmundham did not benefit sugar-beet seedling emergence in four experiments in 3 years. In microplots at Broom's Barn free draining peat and sandy loam gave consistently more seedlings than limestone loam or flinty loam. In the laboratory, for each of three soil types, emergence was maximal only for a small soil moisture range and decreased rapidly when soils became drier or wetter. This suggests that conditioners which increase water-holding capacity should be tested on sandy loams rather than clay soils and that seed-bed preparation on heavier soils should seek to aerate the soil.

scholarly journals Shoot-foliage relationships in deciduous, semideciduous, and evergreen cerrado tree species

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Paulo Souza ◽  
Carlos Henrique B. A. Prado ◽  
Ana Lúcia S. Albino ◽  
Maria A. Damascos
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Long Shoots

The morphology and the biomass allocation in shoots and leaves were investigated in 15 cerrado tree species with distinct leaf phenology growing under natural conditions. Higher values of leaf/shoot ratio on mass base, individual leaf area, leaf area per shoot, leaf display index, and leaf number per shoot length were found in deciduous than in evergreen species. The differences about shoot-foliage relationship across leaf phenological groups could be explained by plagiotropic shoots on deciduous and by erect shoots in semideciduous and evergreen species. Plagiotropic shoots allow similar irradiance along shoots and high biomass allocation in favor of leaves without foliage self-shading in deciduous tree species. The structural differentiation between short and long shoots was indicated by an exponential relationship between leaf display index and shoot length in all deciduous, in three semideciduous, and in two evergreen species. Therefore, especially in deciduous, the short shoots had higher leaf area per unit of length than the long shoots. The differentiation between short and long shoots depends on the shoot length in deciduous because of the leaf number on shoot is predetermined in buds. Contrastingly, the leaf neo-formation in semideciduous and in evergreen tree species keeps the shoot-leaf relationship per shoot length more constant, because of the foliage being produced according to the shoot growth during the year. In conclusion, the foliage persistence, the shoot inclination, the type of leaf production and the resources allocation between autotrophic and heterotrophic vegetative canopy parts are interdependent in cerrado tree species across different leaf phenological groups.

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