The intelligence of American children is still rising

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lynn ◽  
Claudia Pagliari
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Children ◽  
New Evidence

SummaryChildren's intelligence increased in the United States by approxi-mately 3 IQ points per decade over the period 1932–78. New evidence shows that these increases have been sustained during the last 20 years. Two recent studies indicate that the rates of increase for 1972–89 and 1978–89 were 3·3 and 3·5 IQ points per decade respectively.

Lending to the Borrower from Hell

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Drelichman ◽  
Hans-Joachim Voth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Loan Contracts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intelligent Model ◽  
New Evidence

Why do lenders time and again loan money to sovereign borrowers who promptly go bankrupt? When can this type of lending work? As the United States and many European nations struggle with mountains of debt, historical precedents can offer valuable insights. This book looks at one famous case—the debts and defaults of Philip II of Spain. Ruling over one of the largest and most powerful empires in history, King Philip defaulted four times. Yet he never lost access to capital markets and could borrow again within a year or two of each default. Exploring the shrewd reasoning of the lenders who continued to offer money, the book analyzes the lessons from this historical example. Using detailed new evidence collected from sixteenth-century archives, the book examines the incentives and returns of lenders. It provides powerful evidence that in the right situations, lenders not only survive despite defaults—they thrive. It also demonstrates that debt markets cope well, despite massive fluctuations in expenditure and revenue, when lending functions like insurance. The book unearths unique sixteenth-century loan contracts that offered highly effective risk sharing between the king and his lenders, with payment obligations reduced in bad times. A fascinating story of finance and empire, this book offers an intelligent model for keeping economies safe in times of sovereign debt crises and defaults.

Do National Service Programs Improve Subjective Well-Being in Communities?

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristopher Velasco ◽  
Pamela Paxton ◽  
Robert W. Ressler ◽  
Inbar Weiss ◽  
Lilla Pivnick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Change Score ◽  
National Service ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Community Effects ◽  
Service Programs ◽  
Open Question ◽  
New Evidence

Since the creation of Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) in 1964 and AmeriCorps in 1993, a stated goal of national service programs has been to strengthen the overall health of communities across the United States. But whether national service programs have such community effects remains an open question. Using longitudinal cross-lagged panel and change-score models from 2005 to 2013, this study explores whether communities with national service programs exhibit greater subjective well-being. We use novel measures of subjective well-being derived from tweeted expressions of emotions, engagement, and relationships in 1,347 U.S. counties. Results show that national service programs improve subjective well-being primarily by mitigating threats to well-being and communities that exhibit more engagement are better able to attract national service programs. Although limited in size, these persistent effects are robust to multiple threats to inference and provide important new evidence on how national service improves communities in the United States.

Prosecutors Post-Conviction

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-182
Author(s):  
Brandon L. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Police Misconduct ◽  
Forensic Evidence ◽  
New Evidence

In recent years, the involvement of prosecutors in post-conviction proceedings has begun to change from a strictly adversarial to a more investigative and remedial posture. Particularly in the United States, prosecutors’ offices have taken the affirmative responsibility to conduct post-conviction investigations of closed cases. A growing number of exonerations occur because prosecutors themselves agree to review new evidence of innocence or locate it themselves. Prosecutors have created specialized conviction integrity units tasked with reviewing such cold cases. They have created units to conduct other types of audits and reviews to investigate systemic issues, including regarding forensic evidence and police misconduct. They have even, in some offices, conducted investigations of their own conduct. Although most offices may follow a traditional model in which work largely consists in defending final convictions, there has been a notable trend towards experimentation with reconception of the post-conviction role of prosecutors. This chapter describes each of those changes and describes their implications for post-conviction criminal procedure.

Iodine and Goiter in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Trowbridge ◽  
Josip Matovinovic ◽  
Gordon D. McLaren ◽  
Milton Z. Nichaman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
High Iodine ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
American Children

Goiter examination was performed on 7,785 children aged 9 to 16 years in four areas of the United States—Michigan, Kentucky, Texas, and Georgia. Urinary iodine and creatinine, thyroxine, protein-bound iodine, and plasma inorganic iodide determinations were made on 377 matched pairs of goitrous and nongoitrous control children. The overall prevalence of goiter was 6.8%. Most children with goiter had palpably but not visibly enlarged thyroids and showed no evidence of clinical or biochemical thyroid abnormality. Mean urinary iodine excretion was 452µg/gm of creatinine, many times the 50µg/gm of creatinine level used to define deficiency. Children with goiter and areas with high goiter prevalence tended to have higher rather than lower iodine excretion. These findings are consistent with other data indicating high iodine intakes in the United States and suggest that goiter in American children cannot be assumed to be related to iodine deficiency. The possible role of high iodine intake in the causation of goiter is discussed.

Hitch a Sugar to a Protein

2019 ◽  
pp. 197-222
Author(s):  
Janet R. Gilsdorf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
American Indian ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Centers For Disease Control ◽  
American Children ◽  
Native Alaskan

The success of the conjugate Hib vaccines has been spectacular. Prior to their introduction, an estimated 10,000 cases of Hib meningitis occurred annually in the United States, which was approximately 1 in 300 children. It was even higher among native Alaskan and American Indian children. Since the widespread use of the vaccine, the disease has nearly disappeared in the United States, with only 40 cases in children under age 5 years reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2014. Thus, bacterial meningitis, once a scourge that killed and damaged too many American children is, for the most part, now a bad memory.

What Went Wrong with the American Dream?

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Maxine Eichner
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
American Dream ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
American Children ◽  
Deaths Of Despair

This chapter considers a number of indicators relating to the well-being of American children and adults in order to examine the extent to which the American Dream is fulfilling its promise. For children, it considers levels of happiness, academic achievement, mental health, and economic mobility. For adults, it considers happiness, mental health, and life expectancy (including the rise of “deaths of despair”). All these indicators show that the United States is failing radically with respect to both children’s and adults’ well-being. These results are not surprising, the last section of the chapter shows, when we take into account the health of the nation’s families. Neither adults nor children can thrive without sound family ties. Yet indicators show that American families are in bad shape, and in considerably worse shape than families in other countries.

scholarly journals Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Blood Lead Levels among Mexican-American Children and Adolescents in the United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo S. Morales ◽  
Peter Gutierrez ◽  
Jose J. Escarce
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Mexican American Youth ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
American Children

Objective. This study was designed to assess demographic and socioeconomic differences in blood lead levels (BLLs) among Mexican-American children and adolescents in the United States. Methods. We analyzed data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994, for 3,325 Mexican-American youth aged 1 to 17 years. The main study outcome measures included a continuous measure (μg/dL) of BLL and two dichotomous measures of BLL (⩾5 μg/dL and ⩾10 μg/dL). Results. The mean BLL among Mexican-American children in the United States was 3.45 μg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.07, 3.87); 20% had BLL ⩾5 μg/dL (95% CI 15%, 24%); and 4% had BLL ⩾10 μg/dL (95% CI 2%, 6%). In multivariate analyses, gender, age, generational status, home language, family income, education of head of household, age of housing, and source of drinking water were statistically significant independent predictors ( p<0.05) of having higher BLLs and of having BLL ⩾5 μg/dL, whereas age, family income, housing age, and source of drinking water were significant predictors ( p<0.05) of having BLL ⩾10 μg/dL. Conclusions. Significant differences in the risk of having elevated BLLs exist among Mexican-American youth. Those at greatest risk should be prioritized for lead screening and lead exposure abatement interventions.

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