DISPARITIES IN MODERN CONTRACEPTION USE AMONG WOMEN IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: A CROSS-SECTIONAL SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF PROVINCIAL VARIATIONS BASED ON HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
NGIANGA-BAKWIN KANDALA ◽  
FELLY KINZIUNGA LUKUMU ◽  
JOCELYN NZINUNU MANTEMPA ◽  
JOSEPH DESIRE KANDALA ◽  
TOBIAS CHIRWA
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Modern Contraception ◽  
Contraception Use ◽  
Province Level ◽  
Low Income Households

SummaryThis study investigates inequalities at the province level of the use of modern contraception and the proportion of short birth intervals among women in the DRC using data from the 2007 Demographic and Health Survey. Logistic regression and Bayesian geo-additive models were used. The posterior odds ratio and the associated 95% credible interval (95% CI) were estimated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. Posterior spatial effects were mapped at the province level with the associated posterior probability maps showing statistical significance at 5%. The overall rates of modern contraception use among the entire sample of women (15–49 years old; N=7172) and youth (15–24 years old; N=1389) were 5.7% and 6.0% respectively. However, there was striking variation in contraceptive use between the two groups across provinces with a clear east-to-west gradient. The highest use in the total sample was in Nord-Kivu (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.12, 1.55) and Bas Congo provinces (1.47; 1.22, 1.78). For the youth, the highest use was observed in Nord-Kivu (1.19; 0.92, 1.65). In multivariate Bayesian geo-additive regression analyses among the entire sample of women, factors consistently associated with lower use of modern contraception were living in rural areas (0.71; 0.62, 0.82), living in low-income households (0.67; 0.54, 0.80) and having no education (0.83; 0.67, 0.97). For the youth sample, living in low-income households (0.57; 0.41, 0.84) and no breast-feeding (0.64; 0.47, 0.86) were consistently associated with a lower use of modern contraception. The study shows a distinct geographic pattern in the use of modern contraception in youth and the entire sample of women in the DRC, suggesting a potential role for socioeconomic factors, such as accessibility, affordability and availability, as well as environmental factors at the province level beyond individual-level risk factors.

scholarly journals Determinants of Long Acting Contraception Among Women Using Modern Contraception in Cameroon.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Guy TOGUEM
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Modern Contraception ◽  
Contraception Use ◽  
Long Acting

Abstract Background: In Cameroon, 23% of married women, 34% of sexually active single women have unmet needs for family planning and 58% of the reproductive age patients are not interested in family planning. While a long acting contraception such as intra uterine devise is known to be safe, highly effective, and cost effective; less than 1% of reproductive age women in Cameroon use a long acting reversible contraception. These contribute to Cameroon’s mother mortality rate of 600 per 100,000 live births. In this study, we tried to identify the determinants of use or none use of long acting contraception among Cameroonian women using a modern contraception so that they can be acted upon to improve long acting contraception use in cameroon.Methods: The study uses data from 2,231 women aged 15 to 49 years old, using a modern contraception and included in the demographic health survey of Cameroon 2018/19. Bivariate, then multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted for the study outcome of short versus long term modern contraception. Statistical significance was taken at p < 0.05.Results: Among women using a modern contraception in Cameroon, 45.4% were using a long acting contraception. The mean determinants for this were: increase age, being more than 10 people in the household, belonging to the poorer and middle economic quintiles, being insulted or made to feel bad sometimes by the husband or the partner. Conclusion: To improve the use of long acting contraception among women using a modern contraception in Cameroon, a special consideration should be given to women experiencing domestic violence without forgetting the other determinants.

The Welfare Effects of Carbon Tax on Chinese Households: A Study Based on the 2013 Chip Survey Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 2050019
Author(s):  
LI Xuehui ◽  
LI Zhi ◽  
WANG Zhengxin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
High Income ◽  
Cyclic Utilization ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Low Income Households

Based on the micro-data from the 2013 Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) Survey, the authors use a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model to simulate and measure the impacts on the welfare of urban and rural households with different incomes after a carbon tax at 50[Formula: see text]RMB/ton was levied in China. The results show that the collection of carbon tax will increase households’ consumer spending to varying degrees. In urban areas, the carbon tax exerts the greatest impact on low-income households, followed by high-income households; while in rural areas, it has the most significant effects on high-income households and the least on low-income households. On the whole, carbon tax’s impact on urban households is greater than that on rural households. To a certain extent, it can help the household income inequality change for the better and narrow the urban–rural income gap. Since the carbon tax does not act on the distribution of Chinese household income in a simply regressive or progressive way, the authors believe that China should implement supporting policies such as tax subsidies or tax refund as supplements to carbon taxation in an effort to establish a mechanism for cyclic utilization of carbon tax revenue.

scholarly journals Determinants of Modern Contraception use Among Reproductive Age Women in Cameroon.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael guy Toguem
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Modern Contraception ◽  
Reproductive Age Women ◽  
Contraception Use ◽  
Main Determinants

Abstract Background: In Cameroon, 23% of married women, 34% of sexually active single women have unmet needs for family planning and 58% of reproductive age women are not interested in family planning. This contributes to the high mother mortality rate, which is at 600 per 100.000 live births. In this study, we tried to identify the factors contributing to the current use of modern contraception by Cameroonian women so that they can be act on to meet the unmet need for modern contraception. Methods: The study uses data from 12,411 women aged from 15 to 49 years old included in the demographic health survey of Cameroon 2018/19. Bivariate, then multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted on the study outcome of Modern versus non-modern contraception. Statistical significance was taken at p < 0.05.Results: We found out that 18% of the women in Cameroon use a modern contraception. The main determinants for this were; not working, increasing socioeconomic class, no more wanting children, wanting to delay the next childbirth by at least 2 years, and history of domestic violence. Conclusion: The above factors should be considered in the making of a national contraception improvement plan. Meanwhile, none working women being more likely to use a modern contraception should be considered with some reserve because this is a highly unexpected finding.

scholarly journals Inequalities in the Impact of the Carbon Tax in Japan

2020 ◽  
pp. 217-234
Author(s):  
Nozomu Inoue ◽  
Shigeru Matsumoto ◽  
Minoru Morita
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
High Income ◽  
Carbon Pricing ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Income Households

Abstract Although Japan’s current carbon tax rate is much lower than the rates applied in European countries, the Japanese government may increase the tax rate in the near future, in order to strengthen measures to combat global warming. Since a country’s carbon-pricing policy does not distort its economy, it is considered to be an efficient policy measure. However, the burden of carbon pricing varies across regions and across households. Since low-income households generally allocate a larger proportion of their disposable income to energy costs than high-income households, the burden of carbon taxes on low-income households tends to be higher than for high-income households. In addition, households in cold regions spend more money for space heating, and those in rural areas spend more money for gasoline. Unless the government objectively analyzes the impact of carbon pricing and proposes convincing countermeasures to deal with these unequal impacts, the government is unlikely to obtain public support for a carbon tax increase. In this study, we analyze microlevel data from the Japanese National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (NSFE) collected from 1989 to 2014, and examine how past energy price changes affected the welfare of different types of households. We then propose countermeasures to address the problems arising from the regressive nature of taxing energy use.

Determine the Food Access among Low-Income Households in Rural Area, Kedah, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-222
Author(s):  
Ahmad Zubir Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Food Deserts ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Geographical Factors ◽  
Low Income Households

Objective - This study aims to determine the low-income group in rural areas to food access. This study also determines the main source of choice for this group to get food. Methodology - This study was conducted in Baling, Sik, and Padang Terap districts in Kedah. There is 200 respondent involved in this study. Findings - The results showed that 97.87% of low-income households in Baling, 82.36% in Sik, and 71.43% in Padang Terap had low food access status and were prone to food deserts areas. Low -income households in the area prefer grocery stores for food access over supermarkets. A large number of low-income households access food at the supermarket once a month causing geographical factors. Novelty - In conclusion, policymakers need to determine the measurement and assessment of food deserts in rural areas in Malaysia. Kedai Rakyat 1 Malaysia (KR1M) and the KedaiRuncit Transformation Program (TUKAR) can be re-implemented with the improvement of their implementation structure to improve food access in rural areas. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Food Access; Low-Income Households; Food Deserts; Rural Area; Kedah

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

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