201. The solubility of Cheddar cheese curd in sodium chloride solutions

1938 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. McDowall ◽  
L. A. Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Solubility In Water ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Cheese Curd

Measurements are reported of the solubility, in water and in sodium chloride solution of different concentrations, of the protein of cheese at various times after manufacture. The solubility in 3–10 % sodium chloride solutions reached approximately 100% within 7 days after manufacture of the cheese, both for normal and high rennet cheese, and remained at that value throughout the life of the cheese (8 months). Since the proteins of cheese are thus shown to be equally soluble in sodium chloride solutions corresponding in concentration to those encountered in the whole range of commercial cheese(1), the effect of salt concentration on cheese quality is not to be attributed to a variation in the solubility of the protein in the brine.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Cent Sodium

Chemical changes are reported occurring in the blood of animals with obstruction of the jejunum, in which distilled water or sodium chloride solutions were introduced directly into the lumen of the intestine below the point of obstruction. Distilled water given daily from the beginning of the obstruction, had no influence on the development or course of the toxemia. 1 and 2 per cent salt solutions prevented a toxemia in uncomplicated cases. One animal so treated lived 30 days. Distilled water, given after the onset of toxemia, did not alter the progress or outcome of the toxemia. 10 per cent sodium chloride solution, administered after the onset of toxemia, controlled it in most cases for a long period. Hydrochloric acid had no effect on the course of the toxemia.

The nature and cause of seaminess in Cheddar cheese

1965 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Conochie ◽  
B. J. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Calcium Orthophosphate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Phosphate Ions ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Chemical Studies

SummaryMicroscopical and chemical studies of seaminess in Cheddar cheese revealed that the white lines or seams characteristic of the defect are sections through layers of crystals lying between the milled curd particles. The crystals were identified from their X-ray diffraction pattern and by their refractive index as calcium orthophosphate dihydrate, CaHPO4. 2H2O. On each side of the adjoining curd surfaces in affected cheese there is a zone about 20 μm thick of strongly contracted protein which is almost devoid of crystals.Adding sodium chloride to cheddared curd increased the quantities of calcium, phosphorus and water released. The increases were proportional to the amount of salt applied within the range 0–2·5 g NaCl per 100 g curd.The solubility of calcium orthophosphate was found to rise from about 0·0025 M in water to a maximum of 0·008M in 2 M sodium chloride solution.It is postulated that calcium and phosphate ions released from the curd into the seam crystallize in the form of CaHPO4. 2H2O as the solubility of the compound is lowered by diffusion of salt from the surfaces into the curd particles.

scholarly journals Formulation of Seawater Flow Exergy Using Accurate Thermodynamic Data

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa H. Sharqawy ◽  
John H. Lienhard ◽  
Syed M. Zubair
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Mixture Model ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Aqueous Sodium ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Ideal Mixture ◽  
The Ideal

Seawater is a complex electrolyte solution of water and salts with sodium chloride as the major constituent. However, the thermodynamic properties of seawater are considerably different from those of aqueous sodium chloride solution. In the literature, exergy analyses of seawater desalination systems have sometimes modeled seawater by sodium chloride solutions of equivalent salt content or salinity; however, such matching does not bring all important properties of the two solutions into agreement. Furthermore, some published studies attempt to represent sodium chloride solutions as a specific model for an ideal mixture of liquid water and solid sodium chloride, which is shown to have serious shortcomings. In this paper, the most up-to-date thermodynamic properties of seawater are compared with those of aqueous sodium chloride solution as well as the ideal mixture model. The flow exergy is calculated using various models and the results are compared. In addition, the minimum work required to desalinate a unit mass of fresh water from seawater of varying salinity is calculated using these models. The flow exergy calculated using the ideal mixture model in question is about 50% less than that of seawater. Accordingly, the minimum desalination work is underpredicted by about 50% when calculating it using that ideal mixture model. This consequently shows that exergy analysis and the second law efficiency calculations performed using the ideal mixture model is comparatively far from the actual values.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN EDEMA

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-488
Author(s):  
Moyer S. Fleisher ◽  
Leo Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Endothelial Lining ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions

1. Animals in which experimental myocarditis has been produced and winch are infused with sodium chloride solutions show a marked decrease in the amount of the secretion of urine. This decrease is even more pronounced than that produced when calcium chloride is added to sodium chloride solution. The intestinal fluid which is markedly decreased, and the peritoneal transudate which is increased by calcium chloride are, on the other hand, not markedly influenced by myocarditic lesions. We may, therefore, conclude that calcium chloride does not exert its specific effect on the quantity of peritoneal fluid through a lowering of blood pressure. 2. Each of the three factors, namely, calcium chloride, adrenalin and myocarditic lesions affects the elimination of fluid through the kidneys, through the mucosa of the small intestine and through the endothelial lining of the peritoneal cavity in a specific way. The conditions influencing the elimination of fluids through these three surfaces seem, therefore, to be different in each case and characteristic for the cells lining these surfaces.

scholarly journals An Experimental Study on Relationship among Water Sorptivity, Pore Characteristics, and Salt Concentration in Concrete

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong Ye ◽  
Nanguo Jin ◽  
Xianyu Jin ◽  
Chuanqing Fu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Pore Characteristics ◽  
Water Sorptivity ◽  
Curing Regimes

In this work, the sorptivity properties of concrete with varioustypes of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) curedat three different curing regimes was investigated using thegravimetric method. In parallel, the effects of four differentconcentrations of sodium chloride solution on the sorptivity ofconcrete were studied using both gravimetric and electronicmethods. The results show that the incorporation of SCMsreduces the sorptivity of concrete when sufficient moisture curingis provided; otherwise, it exacerbates sorptivity. Nevertheless,there exists a strong correlation between the sorptivitycoefficient and threshold pore size of concrete measured bymercury intrusion porosimetry. The gravimetric and electronicmethods show different trends regarding the effects of liquidproperties on sorptivity, probably because the gravimetricmethod cannot differentiate the weight of water from salts duringthe measurements.

The effect of electrolyte solutions on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of a sodic clay soil

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Scotter
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity

A technique for measuring the effect of different electrolyte solutions on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of low permeability soil cores is described. The technique was used to assess the effect of infiltrating gypsum (CaS0,.2H20) solution, sodium chloride solution, and distilled water on the conductivity of a sodic heavy clay at matric potentials between -0.5 and -8 kPa. Percolation of one liquid-filled pore volume of gypsum solution (concentration 29 m.e./l.) induced an approximately fourfold increase in hydraulic conductivity, relative to the conductivity with distilled water. This enhanced conductivity did not change when the permeating solution was changed to sodium chloride solution (30 m.e./l.). But when distilled water was substituted for either the gypsum or sodium chloride solutions, the conductivity declined rapidly, but not to its pretreatment value. Possible mechanisms responsible for the conductivity changes are discussed.

scholarly journals Electroimpedance Spectroscopy for the Measurement of the Dielectric Properties of Sodium Chloride Solutions at Different Glucose Concentrations

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Sbrignadello ◽  
Andrea Tura ◽  
Paolo Ravazzani
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Impedance Spectrum ◽  
Physiological Solution ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Static Conditions

We investigated possible variations of impedance values in samples of sodium chloride solution (sodium chloride 0.9%) with glucose at different concentrations, ranging from 5000 to around 75 mg/dL. The sodium chloride solution (either saline physiological solution) was chosen since it has similarities to blood but no cell components, which may be confounding factors in this study. Special focus was on the effect of stirring and of temperature variations on the impedance spectrum of samples at different glucose concentrations. We found that variations in glucose concentration directly affect the impedance modulus of the sample both in static conditions and in dynamic conditions due to stirring, as well as at both room temperature and at increased temperature. In fact, even if the impedance variations were often small (around 3-4 mΩper mg/dL), they were usually clearly measurable. These findings may be the basis for possible development of a new approach, based on impedance technology, for the noninvasive monitoring of glycaemia.

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