Scientists, Entrepreneurs, and the Policy Process: A Study of the Post–1945 California Sardine Depletion

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur F. McEvoy ◽  
Harry N. Scheiber
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Marine Research ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Practical Effect ◽  
Post War

The California Marine Research Committee was established by the state legislature in 1947 in response to the catastrophic failure of the Pacific Coast sardine fishery. Scientists, state and federal resource-managment officials, and industry leaders put aside long–standing differences of viewpoint to launch a uniquely comprehensive, multidisciplinary research effort. This paper, based on newly opened archival materials, analyzes the founding and early work of the agency. How a stalemate occurred that delayed a consensus on policy recommendations and had the practical effect of continuing virtually unregulated sardine fishing is explained. The article illustrates the institutional development of post–war “Big Science” as a major actor in the policy process and analyzes the mobilization of public agencies to cope with complex environmental issues in resource–extractive industries.

scholarly journals Diversity of benthic marine mollusks of the Strait of Magellan, Chile (Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia): a historical review of natural history

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 963 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Cristian Aldea ◽  
Leslie Novoa ◽  
Samuel Alcaino ◽  
Sebastián Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Marine Research ◽  
Marine Mollusks ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Strait Of Magellan ◽  
The Strait Of Magellan ◽  
Diversity Studies ◽  
Interesting Area

An increase in richness of benthic marine mollusks towards high latitudes has been described on the Pacific coast of Chile in recent decades. This considerable increase in diversity occurs specifically at the beginning of the Magellanic Biogeographic Province. Within this province lies the Strait of Magellan, considered the most important channel because it connects the South Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. These characteristics make it an interesting area for marine research; thus, the Strait of Magellan has historically been the area with the greatest research effort within the province. However, despite efforts there is no comprehensive and updated list of the diversity of mollusks within the Strait of Magellan up to now. This study consisted of a complete bibliographic review of all available literature that included samples of mollusks in the Strait of Magellan. More than 300 articles were reviewed, covering 200 years of scientific knowledge. There were 2579 records belonging to 412 taxa, of which 347 are valid species. Of the total valid species, 44 (~13%) are considered of doubtful presence in the Strait. This work increases the known richness of mollusks of the Strait of Magellan by 228%; it is also the first report that integrates all available diversity studies of the three most speciose classes of benthic mollusks (Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Polyplacophora) from the Strait of Magellan.

scholarly journals Classrooms for Consumer Society: Practical Education and Secondary School Reform in Post-Second World War Canada

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Rollwagen
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Canadian Education ◽  
Practical Education ◽  
Education Association ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Canadian Research

ABSTRACTYoung people’s intersecting roles as students, workers, and shoppers have received little attention from historians, who have focused on young people as either students or workers. This paper begins to examine these roles by analyzing the efforts of the Canadian Education Association to define and promote practical education in the late 1940s. The Canadian Research Committee on Practical Education solicited industry and business perspectives and surveyed students that were leaving school before graduation. The committee’s work and the discussion it generated reveal a desire to make secondary schools more profitable and palatable for Canadian teenagers. Educators and industry leaders wanted the post-war high school to serve all young Canadians by catering to their interests, keeping them in school, and preparing them to be both workers and consumers upon graduation.RÉSUMÉLes jeunes comme groupe peuvent se définir selon trois caractéristiques : élèves, travailleurs et consommateurs. Cette façon de concevoir la jeunesse n’a reçu que peu d’attention de la part des historiens. Ces derniers ont étudié les jeunes soit comme élèves ou soit comme travailleurs. Cet article s’intéresse à ces trois caractéristiques en s’intéressant aux actions entreprises par l’Association canadienne d’éducation. L’auteure analyse les efforts de cette dernière pour définir et promouvoir les arts et métiers en éducation à la fin des années 1940. Le Comité de recherche canadien sur l’éducation pratique a sollicité l’aide des industries et des maisons d’affaires pour recenser les élèves qui quittaient l’école avant la fin de leurs études. Le travail du comité et les discussions qui s’ensuivirent ont révélé le besoin de rendre les écoles secondaires plus utiles et plus attirantes pour les adolescents canadiens. Les éducateurs et les chefs d’entreprises souhaitaient que l’école secondaire d’après-guerre soit utile aux jeunes Canadiens ; ils désiraient susciter leurs intérêts, les garder à l’école et les préparer à devenir des travailleurs et des consommateurs une fois leurs études terminées.

“Because it's there …” A consideration of the decision to commit New Zealand troops to Malaysia beyond 1971

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Keith Jackson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
National Trauma ◽  
Recent Innovation ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

Direct diplomatic relations between New Zealand and Malaya/Singapore are a relatively recent innovation dating back only to 1955, and, significantly, the original decision to station troops in the area in peacetime preceded the establishment of formal diplomatic links. It is true that even before the Second World War there had been a growing consciousness of the strategic significance of the area, but it was seen in terms of Singapore as a link in the chain of Imperial defence, never as a region in its own right. Regions were subsumed in the worldwide defence strategy of the British Empire. Thus New Zealand contributed financially to the construction of the base for the Royal Navy at Singapore, but her military commitments were in helping to guard the Suez ‘lifeline’. New Zealand air-force units were stationed in Singapore in 1940, but despite the national trauma associated with the fall of the base and the apprehended threat to New Zealand’s own security, the ground forces remained in the Middle East. Indeed, New Zealand's formal Commonwealth responsibilities were to remain in the Middle East until 1955 and public interest continued to focus on that area to a surprising degree. The lessons of the Pacific War for New Zealand, therefore, were less concerned with the strategic importance of any particular area than with the indispensability of a United States alliance. As one research group put it, ‘in the immediate post-war years New Zealand showed a greater sense of international awareness, but no sense of particular involvement with the Far East; still less with South-East Asia.

William Seward and the Diplomacy of the Civil War

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Randolph
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Johnson Administration ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Post War

Best known as Abraham Lincoln’s secretary of state during the Civil War, William Henry Seward conducted full careers as a statesman, politician, and visionary of America’s future, both before and after that traumatic conflict. His greatest legacy, however, lay in his service as the secretary of state, leading the diplomatic effort to prevent European intervention in the conflict. His success in that effort marked the margin between the salvation and the destruction of the Union. Beyond his role as diplomat, Seward’s signature qualities of energy, optimism, ambition, and opportunism enabled him to assume a role in the Lincoln administration extending well beyond his diplomatic role as the secretary of state. Those same qualities secured a close working relationship with the president as Seward overcame a rocky first few weeks in office to become Lincoln’s confidant and sounding board. Seward’s career in politics stretched from the 1830s until 1869. Through that time, he maintained a vision of a United States of America built on opportunity and free labor, powered by government’s active role in internal improvement and education. He foresaw a nation fated to expand across the continent and overseas, with expansion occurring peacefully as a result of American industrial and economic strength and its model of government. During his second term as secretary of state, under the Johnson administration, Seward attempted a series of territorial acquisitions in the Caribbean, the Pacific, and on the North American continent. The state of the post-war nation and its fractious politics precluded success in most of these attempts, but Seward was successful in negotiating and securing Congressional ratification of the purchase of Alaska in 1867. In addition, Seward pursued a series of policies establishing paths followed later by US diplomats, including the open door in China and the acquisition of Hawaii and US naval bases in the Caribbean.

International Administrative Regulation: The Case of Rubber

1942 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-337
Author(s):  
Kurt Wilk
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
War Economy ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Production Distribution ◽  
Post War ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Peace And War

The war in the Pacific has focused attention on rubber as one of the key materials of peace and war economy. It has not only caused domestic adjustments in the United States as previously in other consuming countries, both allied and enemy, but has terminated an epoch in international rubber control. At the same time, it has accentuated the permanent international concern about basic materials—their location, accessibility, production, distribution, and utilization. Thus the international rubber régime, as it operated up to the disruption of trade-lanes and the invasion and devastation of producing areas, is of interest not only because of its effects in the period just ended but also as an approach to problems of international economic policy and administrative technique which are likely to continue into post-war world organization, no matter how different its political and strategical foundations may be.

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