Evaluation of the discriminatory power of spoligotyping and 19-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MIRU-VNTR) of Mycobacterium bovis strains isolated from cattle in Algeria

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium (M.) bovis and M. caprae is a transmissible disease of livestock, notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). BTB particularly affects cattle and small ruminants and can be transmitted to humans thereby posing a significant threat to veterinary and public health worldwide. M. bovis is the principal cause of bTB in Algeria. In order to better understand the route of spreading and elaborate an eradication program, isolation and characterization of mycobacteria from Algerian cattle was performed. Sixty strains belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex were analyzed by spoligotyping, thereof 42 by 19-locus-MIRU-VNTR-typing. Spoligotyping revealed 16 distinguishable patterns (Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index [HGDI] of 0.8294), with types SB0120 (n = 20) and SB0121 (n = 13) being the most frequent patterns, representing 55% of the strains. Analyses based on 19-locus-MIRU-VNTR yielded 32 different profiles, five clusters and one orphan pattern, showing higher discriminatory power (HGDI = 0.9779) than spoligotyping. Seven VNTR-loci [VNTR 577 (alias ETR C), 2163b (QU11b), 2165 (ETR A), 2461 (ETR B), 3007 (MIRU 27), 2163a (QUB11a) and 3232 (QUB 3232)] were the most discriminative loci (HGDI ˃ 0.50). In conclusion, 19-locus-MIRU-VNTR yielded more information than spoligotyping concerning molecular differentiation of strains and better supports the elucidation of transmission routes of M. bovis between Algerian cattle herds.

Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes for Screening Dead Pigs for African Swine Fever

African swine fever (ASF) has spread across the globe and has reached closer to North America since being reported in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. As a result, surveillance measures have been heightened and the utility of alternative samples for herd-level monitoring and dead pig sampling have been investigated. Passive surveillance based on the investigation of dead pigs, both domestic and wild, plays a pivotal role in the early detection of an ASF incursion. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-recommended samples for dead pigs are spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, lung, tonsil and kidney. However, obtaining these samples requires opening up the carcasses, which is time-consuming, requires skilled labour and often leads to contamination of the premises. As a result, we investigated the suitability of superficial inguinal lymph nodes (SILNs) for surveillance of dead animals. SILNs can be collected in minutes with no to minimum environmental contamination. Here, we demonstrate that the ASF virus (ASFV) genome copy numbers in SILNs highly correlate with those in the spleen and, by sampling SILN, we can detect all pigs that succumb to highly virulent and moderately virulent ASFV strains (100% sensitivity). ASFV was isolated from all positive SILN samples. Thus, sampling SILNs could be useful for routine surveillance of dead pigs on commercial and backyard farms, holding pens and dead on arrival at slaughter houses, as well as during massive die-offs of pigs due to unknown causes.

Evaluation of the river bank filtration technology in water purification in Iraq

Water purification of pollutants is a major challenge to the sustainable development of health in arid and arid regions of the world. Organization of water purification by the river bank filtration is a natural technique. Therefore, this survey was conducted to evaluate the shoulder of the Kufa River in purifying water from pollutants in an inexpensive and natural way. Six water samples were taken from six different locations of the river course, and six corresponding water samples were taken from the well locations near the river. The chemical analyzes of the samples were conducted during the month of December of the year 2020. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS program. The results showed that there were significant differences, as they showed the superiority of the concentration of phosphorous, cadmium, lead, copper, iron, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and the total number of bacteria in river water compared to their concentration in well water. While it was observed that the concentration of total dissolved salts, sulfate, nickel and chlorine was superior in well water compared to river water. From this, it is clear that the effectiveness of the river shoulder technology in purifying the water of the Kufa River is low because the process of pumping water from wells is not continuous. It is assumed that to achieve the effectiveness of this technology, we need continuous months of pumping until the work of the river shoulder technology is achieved.

A Literature Review of Drone-Based Package Delivery Logistics Systems and Their Implementation Feasibility

In recent years, e-commerce businesses have seen an increase in the daily volume of packages to be delivered, as well as an increase in the number of particularly demanding customer expectations. In this respect, the delivery mechanism became prohibitively expensive, particularly for the final kilometer. To stay competitive and meet the increased demand, businesses began to look for innovative autonomous delivery options for the last mile, such as autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, which are a promising alternative for the logistics industry. Following the success of drones in surveillance and remote sensing, drone delivery systems have begun to emerge as a new solution to reduce delivery costs and delivery time. In the coming years, autonomous drone sharing systems will be an unavoidable logistical solution, especially with the new laws/recommendations introduced by the Flight World Organization on how to organize the operations of these special unmanned airline systems. This paper provides a comprehensive literature survey on a set of relevant research issues and highlights the representative solutions and concepts that have been proposed thus far in the design and modeling of the logistics of drone delivery systems, with the purpose of discussing the respective performance levels reached by the various suggested approaches. Furthermore, the paper also investigates the central problems to be addressed and briefly discusses and outlines a series of interesting new research avenues of relevance for drone-based package delivery systems.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF AQUATIC BIORESOURCES USE AS AN OBJECT OF WILDLIFE IN THE CONDITIONS OF ENSURING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

Current trends for expansion of aquatic bioresources consumption by human, considering their importance for food security governance, maintenance of life and poverty alleviation inevitably lead to the urgency of balancing consumer interest with the ecological interest, which involve ensuring the rational use, proper protection and preservation condition of aquatic bioresources stock. Aquatic bioresources are an important economic resource, on the one hand, and on the other – an integrated component of wildlife as an object of environmental protection. It determines the regulation of the legal regime of aquatic bioresources use by norms of environmental, agriculture and business law. According to the Aquatic Animal Health Strategy 2021‑2025, approves by the World Organization for Animal Health, demand for aquatic animal products has been increasing and is predicted to rise by at least 32% by 2030, just as the increase of production of such products is wield major influence on achievement of many UN Sustainable Development Goals. In view of this, the position that the concept of fisheries development in a civilized society should be focused not only on meeting the economic needs of the state, but also aimed at ensuring the rational use of aquatic bioresources, their effective reproduction, appealing to those ecological functions they perform in the natural ecosystem, is substantiated in the article. Achieving this goal is seen in the ecologization of economic activity, reinforcement guarantees of unimpeded access of citizens to aquatic bioresources and improving the management component in the studied area. Moreover, the paper reflects issues related to the prospects of implementing of key provisions of the EU Common Fisheries Policy in national environmental legislation.

Regional epidemiology and associated risk factors of PPR in Asia-A Review

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a world organization for animal health (OIE) notifiable and economically important transboundary, highly contagious and acute viral disease of small ruminants. The disease is caused by the PPR Virus (PPRV). PPRV belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The recent epidemiological and molecular characterization of PPR virus isolates subdivides them into four genetically distinct lineages (I, II, III and IV). The disease is endemic across Asia, the Middle East and African regions and is considered to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world due to a huge burden on the economy and development of the affected countries and has recently been targeted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the OIE for global eradication by 2030. PPR-endemic countries should join the regional force, and implement regional roadmaps for the progressive and successful control and elimination of PPRV. In this review, the regional epidemiology of PPR outbreaks and overall regional associated risk factors including animal factors (age, species, sex), environmental factors (season, spatial distribution of disease in various locations) and trade associated factors with special reference to the PPR-affected countries in South, Central and East Asia is comprehensively discussed.

Pendidikan Kesehatan Kepatuhan Minum Obat Pada Lansia Dengan Diabetes Melitus Tipe II Di UPT Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia Binjai

ABSTRACT: HEALTH EDUCATION ON MEDICINE COMPLIANCE IN THE ELDERLY WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II AT THE UPT PELAYANAN SOSIAL LANJUT USIA BINJAI Introduction: The world organization predicted the increase number of people with diabetes mellitus from 8.4 million in 2000 to around 21.3 million in 2030. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia that occur due to the abnormalities in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The aging process is continuous and natural experienced by all the living things. The adherence of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients is generally defined as the level of behavior of a person receiving treatment to follow the diet plan, take medication and carry out a lifestyle in accordance with the recommendations of health care providers.Health education is aimed to help people take control of their own health by influencing, enabling and reinforcing the decision or action according to their own values and goals. Method: The study used descriptive case study method by carried out 2 patients as the subject. The results of the study found that the patients had the lack of knowledge about the need for drug compliance related to non-adherence to taking the medication. Result: The intervention and implementation were implemented by conducting the health education on medication adherence in stages with the results obtained that the patient appeared to take the drug on time and their blood sugar level was within the normal range. Conclusion: By conducting the health education about medication adherence for the elderly for 3 days, it could increase the knowledge and change their obedience behavior and follow the rules of taking the medication. Keywords: Lack of Knowledge, Diabetes Mellitus, Health Education, Elderly, Medication Adherence. INTISARI: PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN KEPATUHAN MINUM OBAT PADA LANSIA DENGAN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE II DI UPT PELAYANAN SOSIAL LANJUT USIA BINJAI Latar Belakang: Organisasi dunia memprediksi kenaikan jumlah penyandang Diabetes Melitus dari 8,4 juta pada tahun 2000 menjadi sekitar 21,3 juta pada tahun 2030. Diabetes Melitus merupakan suatu kelompok penyakit metabolik dengan karaktersistik hiperglikemia yang terjadi karena kelainan sekresi insulin, kerja insulin atau kedua duanya. Proses menua yaitu proses yang terus-menerus kelanjutan secara alamiah dan dialami oleh semua makhluk hidup. Kepatuhan pada pasien Diabetes Melitus tipe 2 secara umum di definisikan sebagai tingkatan perilaku seseorang yang mendapatkan pengobatan untuk menjalankan diet, minum obat dan melaksanakan gaya hidup sesuai dengan rekomendasi pemberi pelayanan kesehatan. Pendidikan kesehatan bertujuan untuk membantu orang-orang mengontrol kesehatan mereka sendiri dengan mempengaruhi, memungkinkan dan menguatkan keputusan atau tindakan sesuai dengan nilai dan tujuan mereka sendiri.Metode: yang digunakan adalah deskriptif studi kasus. Subjek penelitian dilakukan pada kedua pasien.Hasil: Hasil pengkajian diperoleh kurang pengetahuan tentang kebutuhan kepatuhan minum obat berhubungan dengan ketikdakpatuhan minum obat, intervensi dan implementasi adalah melakukan pendidikan kesehatan kepatuhan minum obat secara bertahap dengan hasil yang diperoleh klien tampak meminum obat tepat waktu dan kadar gula darah dibatas normal.Kesimpulan: Dengan dilakukannya pendidikan kesehatan tentang kepatuhan minum obat kepada lansia selama 3 hari dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan dapat mengubah perilaku lansia menjadi patu dan mengikuti aturan minum obat. Kata kunci: Kurang pengetahuan, diabetes mellitus, pendidikan kesehatan, lansia, kepatuhan minum obat

Comparative Genomics Analysis between frog Virus 3-like Ranavirus from the First Canadian Reptile Mortality Event and Similar Viruses from Amphibians

Ranaviruses are emerging pathogens that threaten the biodiversity of wild and captive cold-blooded vertebrates. Reports of ranavirus-induced mortality events are increasing and ranavirus disease is reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health. Previous studies have suggested interclass transmission of ranaviruses and Frog virus 3 (FV3)-like viruses are of particular interest. This study presents the whole-genome assembly of a 106 kb FV3-like genome obtained from the liver tissue of a reptile (wild Chelydra serpentina, common snapping turtle) that died of ranavirus disease in Canada. The FV3-like ON turtle/2018 strain shares the highest genome-wide nucleotide identity (99.71%) with the wild-type FV3 virus detected in the USA from a Northern leopard frog and an FV3-like strain identified from a wood frog in 2017 in Alberta, Canada. The novel genome contains all 26 Iridoviridae core genes, 11 FV3-like genes, and 9 unique truncations, three of which are core Iridoviridae ORFs. Additionally, the two most closely related FV3-like strains from amphibians, were compared to a non-FV3-like amphibian infecting and a fish infecting ranavirus species that showed similar codon usage patterns. G/C-ending codons were the preferred codons for all five strains. Investigation of putative recombination events identified four potential recombination events in the FV3-like ON turtle/2018 genome consistent with this FV3-like reptile infecting strain originating from an amphibian infecting FV3-like ranavirus. Altogether, this study provides insights into the genome structure and the differences in the novel FV3-like genome compared to other ranavirus genomes.

COVID-19 as a zoonotic infection

Here we discuss the issues for attributing the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 to zoonoses based on the data on probable origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the possible formation of its reservoir in animals (bats) as well as human susceptibility. Today, the dominant point of view is that the outbreak of COVID-19 arose as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus overcoming the interspecies barrier, acquiring ability to infect and spread in human population. Comparative phylogenetic analysis at the molecular level showed that SARS-CoV-2 is genetically closest to bat coronaviruses, particularly to the RmYN02 and RaTG13 strains isolated from the horseshoe bat, a species considered to be the main host of SARSCoV and MERS-CoV coronaviruses. The ability of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus to infect various wild animal has been revealed. SARS-CoV-2 has been found in minks on farms in the Netherlands with mortality rates ranging from 1.2 to 2.4%. While infecting rhesus monkeys with the SARS-CoV-2, it resulted in productive infection and detected viremia. Cats have been found to be susceptible hosts for the human SARS-CoV-2 virus. A likely explanation for this lies in the high similarity between the human and feline counterpart of the ACE2 receptor. It has been shown that dogs can become infected but transmit no virus to other animals. To date, over the entire period of the pandemic the World Organization for Animal Health provides no information about cases of human infection transmitted from pets. Thus, there is no evidence that animals play a role in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among people during the current period of the pandemic. Human outbreaks are caused by human-to-human virus transmission, and based on the currently available information, the risk of spreading COVID-19 from animals is considered low. More research is needed to understand how COVID-19 can affect animals of a wide variety of species and how big might be the risks of infection transmission from them to humans.

Evaluation of Blood Glucose As A Biomarker For On Spot Detection of Bovine Trypanosomosis In Emergent Nations

Trypanosomosis or surra has been declared notifiable multispecies animal disease by World Organization for Animal Health. Diagnosis of trypanosomosis is a challenging task in field condition because none of reported signs is pathognomonic resulting in failure of treatment either inappropriate or delay in treatment. In spite of this, low hemoglobin level and hypoglycaemia are consistent hemato-biochemical changes in trypanosomosis. Therefore taking into consideration of both these two changes, tentative diagnosis of trypanosomosis could be done in low resource laboratory situated in rural area. With the development of eco and user friendly pen-side diagnostic, effective management of animal trypanosomosis could only be possible. Out of 123 buffaloes, 21 buffaloes found positive by PCR were showing average temperature 105.130F±0.983, blood glucose 32.319±9.760 and haemoglobin 8.60±1.485. Likewise Value of blood glucose (glucometer- 95% CI 68.488 to 77.141 and semiautomatic blood analyzer- CI 64.637 to 74.087) and haemoglobin (95% CI 95.743 to 97.314) were found statistically highly significant (P<0.001) with body temperature. Lower the blood glucose level in fevered animals may suspect the trypanosomosis. In these cases portable blood glucose meter may help the field veterinarian for on spot estimation of blood glucose level of fevered animals. An on spot estimation of lowered glucose level, anaemia and high temperature increases the probability of trypanosomosis. So that timely treatment of infected animal could be possible in rural area without wasting of time to get the report from full equipped laboratory. This might be the first time reported method for early diagnosis of trypanosomosis.