In an effort to determine the characteristics of the various types of convection that can occur in a fluid-saturated porous medium heated from below, a Galerkin approach is used to investigate three-dimensional convection in a cube and two-dimensional convection in a square cross-section. Strictly two-dimensional, single-cell flow in a square cross-section is steady for Rayleigh numbers R between 4π2 and a critical value which lies between 300 and 320; it is unsteady at higher values of R. Double-cell, two-dimensional flow in a square cross-section becomes unsteady when R exceeds a value between 650 and 700, and triple-cell motion is unsteady for R larger than a value between 800 and 1000. Considerable caution must be exercised in attributing physical reality to these flows. Strictly two-dimensional, steady, multicellular convection may not be realizable in a three-dimensional geometry because of instability to perturbations in the orthogonal dimension. For example, even though single-cell, two-dimensional convection in a square cross-section is steady at R = 200, it cannot exist in either an infinitely long square cylinder or in a cube. It could exist, however, in a cylinder whose length is smaller than 0.38 times the dimension of its square cross-section. Three-dimensional convection in a cube becomes unsteady when R exceeds a value between 300 and 320, similar to the unicellular two-dimensional flow in a square cross-section. Nusselt numbers Nu, generally accurate to 1%, are given for the strictly two-dimensional flows up to R = 1000 and for three-dimensional convection in cubes up to R = 500. Single-cell, two-dimensional, steady convection in a square cross-section transports the most heat for R < 97; this mode of convection is also stable in square cylinders of arbitrary length including the cube for R < 97. Steady three-dimensional convection in cubes transports more heat for 97 [lsim ] R [lsim ] 300 than do any of the realizable two-dimensional modes. At R [gsim ] 300 the unsteady modes of convection in both square cylinders and cubes involve wide variations in Nu.
A note on the flow induced by a line sink beneath a free surface
