Pan-American marine coastal distribution of the acanthocephalan Profilicollis altmani based on morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of cystacanths from the mole crab Emerita brasiliensis

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Rodríguez ◽  
G. D'Elía
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
South American ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Present Complex ◽  
The World ◽  
Pan American

AbstractThorny-headed acanthocephalan worms of the genus Profilicollis are widely distributed in the oceans of the world and present complex life cycles with intermediate and definitive hosts. The genus is still poorly known, with an unstable taxonomy and, for most species, incompletely characterized geographical distributions. In this study, based on molecular and morphological evidence, we report that the species Profilicollis altmani is also distributed along the South American Atlantic coast, using the mole crab Emerita brasiliensis as an intermediate host. As such, our record shows that P. altmani has a Pan-American distribution where five species of Emerita are utilized as intermediate hosts.

Diversification of the North American Doellingeria-Eucephalus Clade (Astereae: Asteraceae) Inferred from Molecular and Morphological Evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 930-942
Author(s):  
Geraldine A. Allen ◽  
Luc Brouillet ◽  
John C. Semple ◽  
Heidi J. Guest ◽  
Robert Underhill
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
South American ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
The North ◽  
Hybridization Event ◽  
Ancient Hybridization

Abstract—Doellingeria and Eucephalus form the earliest-diverging clade of the North American Astereae lineage. Phylogenetic analyses of both nuclear and plastid sequence data show that the Doellingeria-Eucephalus clade consists of two main subclades that differ from current circumscriptions of the two genera. Doellingeria is the sister group to E. elegans, and the Doellingeria + E. elegans subclade in turn is sister to the subclade containing all remaining species of Eucephalus. In the plastid phylogeny, the two subclades are deeply divergent, a pattern that is consistent with an ancient hybridization event involving ancestral species of the Doellingeria-Eucephalus clade and an ancestral taxon of a related North American or South American group. Divergence of the two Doellingeria-Eucephalus subclades may have occurred in association with northward migration from South American ancestors. We combine these two genera under the older of the two names, Doellingeria, and propose 12 new combinations (10 species and two varieties) for all species of Eucephalus.

scholarly journals Molecular data reshape our understanding of the life cycles of three digeneans (Monorchiidae and Gymnophallidae) infecting the bivalve, Donax variabilis: it’s just a facultative host!

Parasite ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Kristina M. Hill-Spanik ◽  
Claudia Sams ◽  
Vincent A. Connors ◽  
Tessa Bricker ◽  
Isaure de Buron
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Donax Variabilis

The coquina, Donax variabilis, is a known intermediate host of monorchiid and gymnophallid digeneans. Limited morphological criteria for the host and the digeneans’ larval stages have caused confusion in records. Herein, identities of coquinas from the United States (US) Atlantic coast were verified molecularly. We demonstrate that the current GenBank sequences for D. variabilis are erroneous, with the US sequence referring to D. fossor. Two cercariae and three metacercariae previously described in the Gulf of Mexico and one new cercaria were identified morphologically and molecularly, with only metacercariae occurring in both hosts. On the Southeast Atlantic coast, D. variabilis’ role is limited to being a facultative second intermediate host, and D. fossor, an older species, acts as both first and second intermediate hosts. Sequencing demonstrated 100% similarities between larval stages for each of the three digeneans. Sporocysts, single tail cercariae, and metacercariae in the incurrent siphon had sequences identical to those of monorchiid Lasiotocus trachinoti, for which we provide the complete life cycle. Adults are not known for the other two digeneans, and sequences from their larval stages were not identical to any in GenBank. Large sporocysts, cercariae (Cercaria choanura), and metacercariae in the coquinas’ foot were identified as Lasiotocus choanura (Hopkins, 1958) n. comb. Small sporocysts, furcocercous cercariae, and metacercariae in the mantle were identified as gymnophallid Parvatrema cf. donacis. We clarify records wherein authors recognized the three digenean species but confused their life stages, and probably the hosts, as D. variabilis is sympatric with cryptic D. texasianus in the Gulf of Mexico.

scholarly journals The South-American distribution and southernmost record of Biomphalaria peregrina—a potential intermediate host of schistosomiasis

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Rumi ◽  
Roberto Eugenio Vogler ◽  
Ariel Aníbal Beltramino
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
South America ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
South American ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Southern Patagonia

Schistosomiasis remains a major parasitic disease, endemic in large parts of South America. Five neotropical species of Biomphalaria have been found to act as intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in natural populations, while others have been shown to be susceptible in experimental infections, although not found infected in the field. Among these potential intermediate hosts, Biomphalaria peregrina represents the most widespread species in South America, with confirmed occurrence records from Venezuela to northern Patagonia. In this study, we report the southernmost record for the species at the Pinturas River, in southern Patagonia, which finding implies a southward reassessment of the limit for the known species of this genus. The identities of the individuals from this population were confirmed through morphological examination, and by means of two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S-rRNA. With both markers, phylogenetic analyses were conducted in order to compare the genetic background of individuals from the Pinturas River with previously genetically characterized strains of B. peregrina from various South-American locations. In addition, we produced a potential distribution model of B. peregrina in South America and identified the environmental variables that best predict that distribution. The model was estimated through a maximum entropy algorithm and run with occurrence points obtained from several sources, including the scientific literature and international databases, along with climatic and hydrographic variables. Different phylogenetic analyses with either the COI or 16S-rRNA sequences did not conflict, but rather gave very similar topological organizations. Two major groups were identified, with sequences from the Pinturas River grouping together with haplotypes from subtropical and temperate regions. The model developed had a satisfactory performance for the study area. We observed that the areas with higher habitat suitability were found to be mainly linked to subtropical and temperate regions of South America between 15° and 45° south latitude, with different moderate- and low-suitability areas outside this range. We also identified the coldest temperatures as the main predictors of the potential distribution of this snail. Susceptibility surveys would be required to evaluate if southern populations of B. peregrina still retain their potential as intermediate hosts of S. mansoni.

Influence of the transmission of parasites from prey fishes on the composition of the parasite community of a predatory fish

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (S1) ◽  
pp. 233-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tellervo Valtonen ◽  
Markku Julkunen
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Community ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Predatory Fish ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Lota Lota ◽  
Gymnocephalus Cernuus ◽  
Adult Trematode ◽  
Bothnian Bay

Helminth parasites and diet of seven freshwater fishes (Lota lota and six common prey species) from the Bothnian Bay, Baltic Sea, were studied monthly or bimonthly during 1978. Twenty-one of the 32 parasites with complex life cycles were shared between Lota lota and its prey fishes and are thus transmissible from prey to predator. Gymnocephalus cernuus and L. lota had the greatest number of shared species (13). Larval and adult cestodes, nematodes, and acanthocephalans could re-establish in the predator, but only one adult trematode was capable of this transition. Infracommunity species diversity was highest in L. lota (eH′ = 3.54), which also had the most species (24), the highest mean number of species and individuals of a given species per fish (6.3 and 62, respectively), and the greatest number of worms in one fish (520). Variety of diet was key in determining exposure to parasite species. However, most specificity finally determined if a given parasite could establish and mature. No ecologically explicable suites of parasites were found in any fish species, except in a few cases where parasites used related intermediate hosts. However, the composition of these suites was not retained in the predator. Unlike in L. lota, important parasites of prey fishes were typically specialists.

Molecular identification of Taenia spp. in the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) from Finland

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. LAVIKAINEN ◽  
V. HAUKISALMI ◽  
G. DEKSNE ◽  
K. HOLMALA ◽  
M. LEJEUNE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Lynx Lynx ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mtdna Sequences ◽  
Eurasian Lynx ◽  
Holarctic Region

SUMMARYCestodes of the genus Taenia are parasites of mammals, with mainly carnivores as definitive and herbivores as intermediate hosts. Various medium-sized cats, Lynx spp., are involved in the life cycles of several species of Taenia. The aim of the present study was to identify Taenia tapeworms in the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) from Finland. In total, 135 tapeworms from 72 lynx were subjected to molecular identification based on sequences of 2 mtDNA regions, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 genes. Available morphological characters of the rostellar hooks and strobila were compared. Two species of Taenia were found: T. laticollis (127 samples) and an unknown Taenia sp. (5 samples). The latter could not be identified to species based on mtDNA, and the rostellar hooks were short relative to those described among other Taenia spp. recorded in felids from the Holarctic region. In the phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA sequences, T. laticollis was placed as a sister species of T. macrocystis, and the unknown Taenia sp. was closely related to T. hydatigena and T. regis. Our analyses suggest that these distinct taeniid tapeworms represent a putative new species of Taenia. The only currently recognized definitive host is L. lynx and the intermediate host is unknown.

scholarly journals The South-American distribution and southernmost record of Biomphalaria peregrina - a potential intermediate host of schistosomiasis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Rumi ◽  
Roberto Eugenio Vogler ◽  
Ariel Anibal Beltramino
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
South America ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
South American ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Southern Patagonia

Schistosomiasis remains a major parasitic disease, endemic in large parts of South America. Five neotropical species of Biomphalaria have been found to act as intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in natural populations, while others have been shown to be susceptible in experimental infections, although not found infected in the field. Among these potential intermediate hosts, Biomphalaria peregrina represents the most widespread species in South America, with confirmed occurrence records from Venezuela to northern Patagonia. In this study, we report the southernmost record for the species at the Pinturas River, in southern Patagonia, which finding implies a southward reassessment of the limit for the known species of this genus. The identities of the individuals from this population were confirmed through morphological examination, and by means of two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S-rRNA. With both markers, phylogenetic analyses were conducted in order to compare the genetic background of individuals from the Pinturas River with previously genetically characterized strains of B. peregrina from various South American locations. In addition, we produced a potential distribution model of B. peregrina in South America and identified the environmental variables that best predict that distribution. The model was estimated through a maximum entropy algorithm and run with occurrence points obtained from several sources, including the scientific literature and international databases, along with climatic and hydrographic variables. Different phylogenetic analyses with either the COI or 16S-rRNA sequences did not conflict, but rather gave very similar topological organizations. Two major groups were identified, with sequences from the Pinturas River grouping together with haplotypes from subtropical and temperate regions. The model developed had a satisfactory performance for the study area. We observed that the areas with higher habitat suitability were found to be mainly linked to subtropical and temperate regions of South America between 15° and 45° south latitude, with different moderate- and low-suitability areas outside this range. We also identified the coldest temperatures as the main predictors of the potential distribution of this snail. Susceptibility surveys would be required to evaluate if southern populations of B. peregrina still retain their potential as intermediate hosts of S. mansoni.

scholarly journals Parasite-modified behaviour in non-trophic transmission: trematode parasitism increases the attraction between snail intermediate hosts

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 417-424
Author(s):  
L.K. Eliuk ◽  
S. Brown ◽  
R.C. Wyeth ◽  
J.T. Detwiler
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Trophic Transmission ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Second Intermediate Host ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Lymnaea Elodes ◽  
Host Parasite

Many parasites with complex life cycles cause host behavioural changes that increase the likelihood of transmission to the next host. Parasite modification is often found in trophic transmission, but its influence on non-trophic transmission is unclear. In trematodes, transmission from the first to second intermediate host is non-trophic, suggesting that free-swimming larvae (cercariae) emerging in closer proximity to the next host would have higher transmission success. We performed a series of behavioural experiments with echinostome trematodes and their snail hosts to determine if potential second hosts (ramshorn snail, genus Planorbella Haldeman, 1842) were more attracted to parasitized first hosts (marsh pondsnail, Lymnaea elodes Say, 1821). In a Y maze, a responding snail (Planorbella sp.) was placed in the base and its response to five treatments was assessed: no stimulus, turion duckweed (Lemna turionifera Landolt; a food item), non-parasitized L. elodes, parasitized L. elodes, and finally parasitized versus non-parasitized L. elodes. Snails showed some attraction to uninfected snails, but had a stronger response to infected first host snails. These results indicate that potential second host snails were more attracted to parasitized, heterospecific first host snails over non-parasitized heterospecific snails. This study demonstrates that echinostome trematodes alter snail behaviour by changing navigational choices in uninfected potential hosts through a chemical communication mechanism.

scholarly journals When should a trophically and vertically transmitted parasite manipulate its intermediate host? The case of Toxoplasma gondii

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1765) ◽  
pp. 20131143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Lélu ◽  
Michel Langlais ◽  
Marie-Lazarine Poulle ◽  
Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont ◽  
Sylvain Gandon
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Host Behaviour ◽  
Different Levels

Parasites with complex life cycles are expected to manipulate the behaviour of their intermediate hosts (IHs), which increase their predation rate and facilitate the transmission to definitive hosts (DHs). This ability, however, is a double-edged sword when the parasite can also be transmitted vertically in the IH. In this situation, as the manipulation of the IH behaviour increases the IH death rate, it conflicts with vertical transmission, which requires healthy and reproducing IHs. The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii , a widespread pathogen, combines both trophic and vertical transmission strategies. Is parasite manipulation of host behaviour still adaptive in this situation? We model the evolution of the IH manipulation by T. gondii to study the conflict between these two routes of transmission under different epidemiological situations. Model outputs show that manipulation is particularly advantageous for virulent strains and in epidemic situations, and that different levels of manipulation may evolve depending on the sex of the IH and the transmission routes considered. These results may help to understand the variability of strain characteristics encountered for T. gondii and may extend to other trophically transmitted parasites.

scholarly journals The South-American distribution and southernmost record of Biomphalaria peregrina - a potential intermediate host of schistosomiasis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Rumi ◽  
Roberto Eugenio Vogler ◽  
Ariel Anibal Beltramino
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
South America ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
South American ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Southern Patagonia

Schistosomiasis remains a major parasitic disease, endemic in large parts of South America. Five neotropical species of Biomphalaria have been found to act as intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in natural populations, while others have been shown to be susceptible in experimental infections, although not found infected in the field. Among these potential intermediate hosts, Biomphalaria peregrina represents the most widespread species in South America, with confirmed occurrence records from Venezuela to northern Patagonia. In this study, we report the southernmost record for the species at the Pinturas River, in southern Patagonia, which finding implies a southward reassessment of the limit for the known species of this genus. The identities of the individuals from this population were confirmed through morphological examination, and by means of two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S-rRNA. With both markers, phylogenetic analyses were conducted in order to compare the genetic background of individuals from the Pinturas River with previously genetically characterized strains of B. peregrina from various South American locations. In addition, we produced a potential distribution model of B. peregrina in South America and identified the environmental variables that best predict that distribution. The model was estimated through a maximum entropy algorithm and run with occurrence points obtained from several sources, including the scientific literature and international databases, along with climatic and hydrographic variables. Different phylogenetic analyses with either the COI or 16S-rRNA sequences did not conflict, but rather gave very similar topological organizations. Two major groups were identified, with sequences from the Pinturas River grouping together with haplotypes from subtropical and temperate regions. The model developed had a satisfactory performance for the study area. We observed that the areas with higher habitat suitability were found to be mainly linked to subtropical and temperate regions of South America between 15° and 45° south latitude, with different moderate- and low-suitability areas outside this range. We also identified the coldest temperatures as the main predictors of the potential distribution of this snail. Susceptibility surveys would be required to evaluate if southern populations of B. peregrina still retain their potential as intermediate hosts of S. mansoni.

Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America

2020 ◽  
pp. 291-300
Author(s):  
Robert S. Walker
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
South American ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Postmarital Residence ◽  
Exciting Time ◽  
Cultural Phylogenetics

Comparative phylogenetic analyses based on linguistic data are useful for reconstructing the cultural evolution of recent expansions of humans around the world. It is an exciting time for phylogenetic comparative studies in lowland South America given the emergence of more comprehensive ethnolinguistic datasets. Phylogenetic methods can now be applied to more lowland language families to facilitate the study of pre-historical population expansions and cultural variation. This chapter investigates phylogenetic relationships among the six major lowland South American language families using structural linguistic data. Two cultural traits that are likely to have deep evolutionary histories that extend back to last common ancestors of several large language families include uxorilocal postmarital residence (women continue to live near natal families after marriage) and partible paternity beliefs (conception belief that multiple men can be co-genitors of one child). The Carib-Pano-Tupi-Jê clade is mostly uxorilocal with partible paternity beliefs in thirty-eight of forty-three societies.

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