scholarly journals The spread of infantile gastro-enteritis in a cubicled ward

1951 ◽  
Vol 49 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 140-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Cross Infection ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Intimate Association ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Type Strains

The type strains ofBact. coli, described by Bray (1945), Giles & Sangster (1948), Gileset al.(1949), Tayloret al.(1949), Smith (1949) and Rogers (1951b), because of their very intimate association with epidemic infantile gastro-enteritis, have been used as indicator organisms to show that the method of cross-infection of epidemic gastro-enteritis is very like that of the cross-infection of burns.It has been shown how a cubicle becomes widely contaminated within 18 hr. and that type strains ofBact. coliwill remain viable in dust for at least 27 days. Communal articles used throughout a ward are blamed for the inter-cubicle spread in a divided ward.The intimate association of the α- and β-types ofBact. coliwith outbreaks of gastro-enteritis is demonstrated, and figures are given to show how these outbreaks prolong the patient's stay in hospital and waste valuable hospital space.

scholarly journals Inter-hospital cross-infection of epidemic infantile gastro-enteritis associated with type strains of Bacterium coli

1951 ◽  
Vol 49 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 152-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Rogers ◽  
S. J. Koegler
Keyword(s):  
Cross Infection ◽  
Central Bureau ◽  
Routine Examination ◽  
Type Strains

Evidence of how epidemics of infantile gastro-enteritis can spread from one hospital to at least three other hospitals has been presented. Three such outbreaks are described, in two of which the α-type of Bact. coli, and in one the β-type of Bact. coli, were associated with the cases of enteritis.It is suggested that in hospitals which admit infants routine examination of the infants' faeces should be made to identify these types of Bact. coli, and that institutional epidemics of gastro-enteritis should be notified to a central bureau together with the cultural findings, so that the pooled knowledge could be redistributed to paediatric centres.The aetiological relationship between infantile gastro-enteritis and these type strains of Bact. coli is briefly discussed.

Design and Development of a low cost Ultraviolet Disinfection system to reduce the cross infection of SARS-CoV-2 in ambulances

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakhawat Hossen Rakib ◽  
S.M Masum ◽  
Md. Rashadul Islam Patwari ◽  
Rafatul Alam Fahima ◽  
Atika Farhana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Ultraviolet Disinfection ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
The Cross

Studies on the cross-transmission of polyhedral viruses: experiments with a new virus from Pyrameis cardui, the Painted Lady butterfly

Parasitology ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 43 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Smith ◽  
N. Xeros
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Cross Transmission ◽  
The Cross

Up to the present time the polyhedral viruses of insects have been considered to be extremely specific in their infectivity, and cases of cross-infection, even between closely related species, were regarded as rare occurrences. Recently, however, we have recorded results which suggest that there is no such specificity of infection (Smith & Xeros, 1952). In the following paper we describe the results obtained in an extensive series of cross-inoculations among a heterogeneous collection of lepidopterous larvae, selected entirely at random. The results obtained appear at first sight to be compatible with one clear-cut explanation of straightforward cross-infections with differential multiplication of two different viruses in different hosts. Other complications, however, cannot be excluded and one or two possible situations are discussed later in the paper.

A study of cross-infection with type strains ofBacterium coli in gastro-enteritis wards

1954 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Anderson ◽  
Helen Crockatt ◽  
Constance A. C. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Cross Infection ◽  
Type Strains

scholarly journals Streptomycin treatment of infantile diarrhoea and vomiting. Conduct and results of a controlled trial

1952 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Alexander ◽  
B. Benjamin ◽  
L. G. C. Maslen ◽  
A. T. Roden
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Control Series ◽  
Infantile Diarrhoea ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

1. An account is given of the design and conduct of a controlled trial of streptomycin by mouth in the treatment of infantile diarrhoea and vomiting.2. The classification of cases is described. The streptomycin-treated and control series are shown to be comparable in respect of severity of illness on admission and in respect of other factors likely to affect progress.3. The criteria adopted for assessment of progress are defined, viz. degree and duration of dehydration, duration of diarrhoea and tolerance of feeds.4. Comparison of streptomycin-treated and control cases was based partly on progress during the first week of hospital stay and partly on subsequent progress.5. No significant difference was shown between the streptomycin-treated and the control series in respect of progress during the first week. Severe relapses of diarrhoea were proportionately higher in the streptomycin-treated series, but the difference was not statistically significant.6. The bacteriological investigations are described. Bact. coli O group 111 and Bact. coli O group 55 were used as ‘ indicator organisms’ in studying the immediate and delayed effects of streptomycin on the coliform flora of the intestine. The results show the inhibition, in streptomycin-treated cases, of coliform growth from the rectal swab, and the subsequent emergence of streptomycin-resistant strains.7. Evidence of cross-infection with the ‘ indicator organisms’ is given. Problems of cross-infection and relapses of diarrhoea are discussed in relation to the assessment of the effects of a chemotherapeutic agent.8. The difficulty of defining criteria for classification of cases and assessment of progress is discussed.We wish to express our most grateful thanks to Sister A. Doherty and other members of the nursing staff of the hospital for their unfailing co-operation in a long and often tedious investigation; to members of the medical staff, in particular to Dr V. V. Tracey, for assisting in the work; and to the entire staff of the hospital's laboratory.We are indebted to Prof. Robert Cruickshank for his help in initiating the trial and for his continued interest and encouragement; and to Dr Joyce Wright for valuable criticism and help in the bacteriological investigations. Acknowledgement is due to Dr R. Swyer, Physician (Infectious Diseases), St Ann's General Hospital, for facilities for carrying out the trial; to Dr Joan Taylor and Miss R. E. Hilton for their serological and biochemical investigations; and to Prof. A. Bradford Hill for helpful statistical criticism.

scholarly journals Preparation of typing antisera specific for O antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-128
Author(s):  
N H Duncan ◽  
N A Hinton ◽  
J L Penner ◽  
I B Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Cross ◽  
O Antigens ◽  
Type Strains

Results of serotyping 966 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that 72% agglutinated specifically in one or another of the 16 typing antisera, but 28% agglutinated in two or more and often in as many as 10 antisera; this polyagglutinability correlated with a high incidence of cross-reactivity among the antisera. Absorption of each typing antiserum with either cell suspensions of five O-type strains or with a suspension of a particular polyagglutinable strain (SMC 247) abolished cross-reactivity in the typing antisera without significantly reducing titers against the homologous strains. All but four of the polyagglutinable strains agglutinated specifically in one or another absorbed antisera. The cross-reactions of unabsorbed antisera were interpreted to have been caused by antibodies directed not against specific O antigens but against thermostable specificities that remain undefined.

Preventive measures for Dental Professionals during worldwide emergency COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 150-153
Author(s):  
Samrudhi Khatod ◽  
Anuja Ikhar ◽  
Pradnya Nikhade ◽  
Kaustubh Khatod
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Dental Professionals

Coronavirus (CoV-2) is a rapidly spreading viral infection all over the world. World Health Organisation declared COVID- 19 as the pandemic disease. Professionally, Dentists are prone to get the cross-infection. And are at 100% risk. This is because Dentists come across face to face communication with the patients, frequent exposure to saliva, blood, other body fluids while handling the teeth and sharp instruments. So, precautionary and preventive measures should be taken to prevent and minimize the cross-infection and spread of COVID-19. The susceptible people of COVID-19 are those who had a travel history from abroad, elderly people, immuno-compromised, and people with co-morbidities. This condition is more prevalent in males when compared to females. Transmission can be broadly divided into the direct and indirect transmission. In general, a COVID infected patient shows signs of symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, fatigue, headache, body pain, lethargy, and breathlessness. At present, no cure or vaccine has been discovered. Currently, a combination of anti-viral and anti-malarial drugs is being used to treat patients. Simultaneously, multi-vitamins and Hydroxychloroquine is administered to most susceptible patients after consulting the physician. Prevention for aerosol, body fluids, nasal discharge is a must. Disinfection of surrounding and personal protective wear, which includes a face shield, mask, gown, head cap, double gloving, and glasses, should be worn by healthcare professionals to limit the contact to the virus. Social distancing is a must to control the transmission of this disease.

Doctors not getting the cross-infection message

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-30
Author(s):  
Nuala Priest
Keyword(s):  
Cross Infection ◽  
The Cross
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