Streptomycin treatment of infantile diarrhoea and vomiting. Conduct and results of a controlled trial

1. An account is given of the design and conduct of a controlled trial of streptomycin by mouth in the treatment of infantile diarrhoea and vomiting.2. The classification of cases is described. The streptomycin-treated and control series are shown to be comparable in respect of severity of illness on admission and in respect of other factors likely to affect progress.3. The criteria adopted for assessment of progress are defined, viz. degree and duration of dehydration, duration of diarrhoea and tolerance of feeds.4. Comparison of streptomycin-treated and control cases was based partly on progress during the first week of hospital stay and partly on subsequent progress.5. No significant difference was shown between the streptomycin-treated and the control series in respect of progress during the first week. Severe relapses of diarrhoea were proportionately higher in the streptomycin-treated series, but the difference was not statistically significant.6. The bacteriological investigations are described. Bact. coli O group 111 and Bact. coli O group 55 were used as ‘ indicator organisms’ in studying the immediate and delayed effects of streptomycin on the coliform flora of the intestine. The results show the inhibition, in streptomycin-treated cases, of coliform growth from the rectal swab, and the subsequent emergence of streptomycin-resistant strains.7. Evidence of cross-infection with the ‘ indicator organisms’ is given. Problems of cross-infection and relapses of diarrhoea are discussed in relation to the assessment of the effects of a chemotherapeutic agent.8. The difficulty of defining criteria for classification of cases and assessment of progress is discussed.We wish to express our most grateful thanks to Sister A. Doherty and other members of the nursing staff of the hospital for their unfailing co-operation in a long and often tedious investigation; to members of the medical staff, in particular to Dr V. V. Tracey, for assisting in the work; and to the entire staff of the hospital's laboratory.We are indebted to Prof. Robert Cruickshank for his help in initiating the trial and for his continued interest and encouragement; and to Dr Joyce Wright for valuable criticism and help in the bacteriological investigations. Acknowledgement is due to Dr R. Swyer, Physician (Infectious Diseases), St Ann's General Hospital, for facilities for carrying out the trial; to Dr Joan Taylor and Miss R. E. Hilton for their serological and biochemical investigations; and to Prof. A. Bradford Hill for helpful statistical criticism.

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Molecular Cytogenetic Classification of Down Syndrome and Screening of Somatic Aneuploidy in Mothers

Cytogenetic and Genome Research ◽

10.1159/000519624 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Sushil Kumar Jaiswal ◽

Ashok Kumar ◽

Amit Kumar Rai

Keyword(s):

Down Syndrome ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Trisomy 21 ◽

Health Management ◽

Chromosome 21 ◽

Robertsonian Translocations ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control

Down Syndrome (DS) caused by trisomy 21 results in various congenital and developmental complications in children. It is crucial to cytogenetically diagnose the DS cases early for their proper health management and to reduce the risk of further DS childbirths in mothers. In this study, we performed a cytogenetic analysis of 436 suspected DS cases using karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization. We detected free trisomies (95.3%), robertsonian translocations (2.4%), isochromosomes (0.6%), and mosaics (1.2%). We observed a slightly higher incidence of DS childbirth in younger mothers compared to mothers with advanced age. We compared the somatic aneuploidy in peripheral blood of mothers having DS children (MDS) and control mothers (CM) to identify biomarkers for predicting the risk for DS childbirths. No significant difference was observed. After induced demethylation in peripheral blood cells, we did not observe a significant difference in the frequency of aneuploidy between MDS and CM. In conclusion, free trisomy 21 is the most common type of chromosomal abnormality in DS. A small number of DS cases have translocations and mosaicism of chromosome 21. Additionally, somatic aneuploidy in the peripheral blood from the mother is not an effective marker to predict DS childbirths.

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The Effectiveness of Auditory Stimuli from Murottal Quran to Improve Comfort and Weight in Low Birth Weight Infants: Randomized Controlled Trial

Jurnal NERS ◽

10.20473/jn.v13i2.14823 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 111

Author(s):

Desriati Devi ◽

Yeni Rustina ◽

Defi Efendi

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Auditory Stimuli ◽

Control Groups ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control

Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) infants who have been hospitalized are exposed to various conditions that provoke discomfort, which could trigger a stress response and growth disorders. This study aimed to identify the effects of auditory stimuli from Murottal Quran when it comes to the comfort and weight of LBW infants.Methods: This study used a clinical randomized controlled trial design involving 52 low birth weight infants. The infants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n=26) or the control (n=26). The intervention of Murottal Quran was given using a speaker 4 times a day for 20 minutes every 3 hours. This intervention was conducted for three days.Results: The results of this study show that there is a significant difference in the comfort of low birth weight infants after Murottal Qur’an on the first, second, and third days between the intervention and control groups (p=0.014; <0.001; <0.001). There was no significant difference in the weight between the intervention and control groups in the first, second, and third days (p=0.481; 0.481; 0.464).Conclusion: The auditory stimuli of Murottal Quran can help to improve the comfort level of low birth weight infants during hospitalization. It can therefore be used as a supportive therapy to facilitate low birth weight infant and premature infant development.

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Electrophysiological characteristics and anatomical differentiation of epileptic and non-epileptic myoclonus

The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery ◽

10.1186/s41983-021-00374-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Abu-Hegazy ◽

Azza Elmoungi ◽

Eman Eltantawi ◽

Ahmed Esmael

Keyword(s):

Evoked Potential ◽

Electrophysiological Study ◽

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy ◽

Myoclonic Epilepsy ◽

Somatosensory Evoked Potential ◽

Control Group ◽

Anatomical Classification ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control

Abstract Background Electrophysiological techniques have been used for discriminating myoclonus from other hyperkinetic movement disorders and for classifying the myoclonus subtype. This study was carried out on patients with different subtypes of myoclonus to determine the electrophysiological characteristics and the anatomical classification of myoclonus of different etiologies. This study included 20 patients with different subtypes of myoclonus compared with 30 control participants. Electrophysiological study was carried out for all patients by somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) and electroencephalography (EEG) while the control group underwent SSEP. SSEP was evaluated in patients and control groups by stimulation of right and left median nerves. Results This study included 50 cases with myoclonus of different causes with mean age of 39.3 ± 15.7 and consisted of 23 males and 27 females. Twenty-nine (58%) of the patients were epileptics, while 21 (42%) were non-epileptics. Cases were classified anatomically into ten cases with cortical myoclonus (20%), 12 cases with subcortical myoclonus (24%), and 28 cases with cortical–subcortical myoclonus (56%). There was a significant difference regarding the presence of EEG findings in epileptic myoclonic and non-epileptic myoclonic groups (P = 0.005). Also, there were significant differences regarding P24 amplitude, N33 amplitude, P24–N33 peak-to-peak complex amplitude regarding all types of myoclonus. Primary myoclonic epilepsy (PME) demonstrated significant giant response, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) demonstrated no enhancement compared to controls, while secondary myoclonus demonstrated lower giant response compared to PME. Conclusion Somatosensory evoked potential and electroencephalography are important for the diagnosis and anatomical sub-classification of myoclonus and so may help in decision-making regarding to the subsequent management.

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Efficacy of a herbal toothpaste on patients with established gingivitis: a randomized controlled trial

Brazilian Oral Research ◽

10.1590/s1806-83242006000200015 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 172-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Fabiana Ozaki ◽

Claudio Mendes Pannuti ◽

Ana Vitória Imbronito ◽

Wellington Pessotti ◽

Luciana Saraiva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Reactions ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Test Group ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Positive Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Groups ◽

Double Blind ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control

The aim of this randomised, double blind controlled trial was to verify the efficacy of a herbal dentifrice on the reduction of plaque and gingivitis. Forty eight volunteers with established gingivitis were randomly assigned to either a test group (herbal dentifrice) or positive control group (dentifrice with triclosan and fluoride). The dentifrices were distributed in plain white tubes by an independent pharmacy, which revealed the contents of each tube only after the experimental period. Plaque and gingivitis assessments were carried out on baseline and after 28 days of product use. All examinations were conducted by the same calibrated investigator. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth three times daily using their assigned dentifrice for 28 days. There was a significant reduction in plaque levels in both the test and control groups. However, there was no significant difference between the groups. A significant reduction in gingivitis was observed in both groups, although there was no significant difference between them. No adverse reactions were reported. The authors concluded that both dentifrices were effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis in subjects with established gingivitis.

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Ganji Formulation for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Who Have Undergone Surgery: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/9492034 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Jing-Hao Zhang ◽

Chao Zheng ◽

Xiao-Jun Zhu ◽

Xin Zhang ◽

Zhi-Jun Hou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Liver Resection ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Disease Free Survival ◽

Control Group ◽

Double Blind ◽

Local Ablation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control

Objective. To ascertain the efficacy and safety of Ganji Formulation (GF) for patients with Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who had undergone surgery. Materials and Methods. A total of 262 HCC patients who had undergone liver resection, local ablation, or transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) were divided randomly into the treatment group and control group. The former was treated with GF and the later with placebo, both for 6 months. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Second endpoints were disease-free survival (DFS) or time to disease progression (TTP). Results. OS of the treatment group was significantly longer than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that, for patients who received TACE, the TTP was significantly longer in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). However, for patients who underwent liver resection or local ablation, there was no significant difference in DFS between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion. GF could improve postoperative cumulative survival and prolong the TTP. This clinical trial number is registered with ChiCTR-IOR-15007349.

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Educational nurse-led telephone intervention shortly before colonoscopy as a salvage strategy after previous bowel preparation failure: a multicenter randomized trial

Endoscopy ◽

10.1055/a-1178-9844 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (11) ◽

pp. 1026-1035 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marco Antonio Alvarez-Gonzalez ◽

Miguel Ángel Pantaleón Sánchez ◽

Belén Bernad Cabredo ◽

Ana García-Rodríguez ◽

Santiago Frago Larramona ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bowel Preparation ◽

Protocol Analysis ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Telephone Intervention ◽

Intention To Treat ◽

Bowel Cleansing ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Inadequate Bowel Preparation ◽

And Control

Background The most important predictor of unsuccessful bowel preparation is previous failure. For those patients with previous failure, we hypothesized that a nurse-led educational intervention by telephone shortly before the colonoscopy appointment could improve cleansing efficacy. Methods We performed a multicenter, endoscopist-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Consecutive outpatients with previous inadequate bowel preparation were enrolled. Both groups received the same standard bowel preparation protocol. The intervention group also received reinforced education by telephone within 48 hours before the colonoscopy. The primary outcome was effective bowel preparation according to the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis included all randomized patients. Per-protocol analysis included patients who could be contacted by telephone and the control cases. Results 657 participants were recruited by 11 Spanish hospitals. In the ITT analysis, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the rate of successful bowel preparation (77.3 % vs. 72 %; P = 0.12). In the intervention group, 267 patients (82.9 %) were contacted by telephone. Per-protocol analysis revealed significantly improved bowel preparation in the intervention group (83.5 % vs. 72.0 %; P = 0.001). Conclusion Among all patients with previous inadequate bowel preparation, nurse-led telephone education did not result in a significant improvement in bowel cleansing. However, in the 83 % of patients who could be contacted, bowel preparation was substantially improved. Phone education may therefore be a useful tool for improving the quality of bowel preparation in those cases.

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Staphylococcal sepsis in mothers and newborn babies

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400039358 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 105-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. S. Spink

Keyword(s):

Nasal Mucosa ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Bacterial Flora ◽

Phage Type ◽

Test Group ◽

Cross Infection ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Groups ◽

Peak Period ◽

And Control

A serious outbreak of staphylococcal infections in the maternity units in Blackburn was investigated. There were considerably more than one hundred cases of breast abscesses altogether, well over half of which occurred in primiparae. Staphylococcus aureus, phage type 80, was the predominating organism throughout the outbreak and at the peak period during the early part of the outbreak this type was responsible for nearly 80% of the infections.After the introduction of a number of procedures for the general reduction of cross-infection the incidence of breast abscess fell markedly and a controlled trial of an antibacterial cream, containing neomycin and hibitane, which was applied to the nasal mucosa of all infants and mothers in the test group of patients, was undertaken. The conditions obtaining in the test and control groups were identical in every way except that the control patients did not receive the neomycin-hibitane cream. There were about 1250 mothers and infants each in the test and control groups; the incidence of breast abscesses in the test group was 0·8% and in the control group it was 2·7%. The method adopted for the detection and treatment of carriers among the nursing staff broke down on two occasions; this fact and the emergence of an unforeseen source resulted in a larger number of infections than should have occurred. Had it not been for these incidents there is little doubt that the trial would have shown more conclusively the effectiveness of the neomycinhibitane cream, by the method laid down, in reducing cross-infection.Investigation of the bacterial flora on the nasal mucosa of over 1000 infants in the control group yielded results of considerable interest. Of 300 cases where there was early colonization by Staph. albus, this organism established its dominating position in 70% of the cases and it was not subsequently displaced by Staph. aureus. The significance of this observation and the evidence favouring nasal dissemination of Staph.aureus as the most important cause of hospital cross-infection are discussed.

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Probable antioxidant therapy of Saffron Crocin in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial

Biomedicine ◽

10.51248/.v40i4.332 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 516-521

Author(s):

Sara Ami Ahmadi ◽

Azin Kazemi ◽

Mohammadmahdi Sabahi ◽

Shahab Razipour ◽

Arash Salehipour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Control Group ◽

Oxidative Damages ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

And Control

Introduction and Aim: Multiple Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological condition might emerge as a result ofcomplex combination of genetic risk factors with environmental triggers, including oxidative stress. in this study we aimed to evaluate the effects of oral Crocin on oxidative stress in patients with MS. Materials and Methods: Adjunct to standard treatment, the Crocin group (20 patients) received 30-mg/day (15 mg twice daily) dose of Crocin and placebo group (20 patients) received for 4 weeks. Saliva and urine samples were collected to determine the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase activity (CAT), total thiol groups (TTG), lipid peroxidation (LPO), were measured at baseline and the end of the study. Results: At baseline, there were no significant differences of LPO, TAC, CAT, and TTG of urine between the control and case groups. However, a significant difference was found after 4 weeks of Crocin-therapy in TTG,TAC and LPO (p<0.05) except in CAT activity (P>0.05). We found no deffrence in urinary TTG level and CAT activity in control group at the end of intervention (P>0.05), while TAC and LPO level were significantly different at the end of the study as compared with the beginning (P<0.05). Althugh, we found no significant difference in saliva LPO, TTG and TAC levels and the activity of CAT in case and control groups at first (p>0.05), Crocin administration have resulted in a significant increase in saliva TTG and TAC levels as well as CAT activity and markedly decrease in LPO level (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, Crocin can significantly reduce the several oxidative stress factors in MS patients and may contributes to attenuates the oxidative damages.

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Make a Move Intervention to Reduce Childhood Obesity

The Journal of School Nursing ◽

10.1177/1059840516665217 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 205-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kimberly Nerud ◽

Haifa (Abou). Samra

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Head Start ◽

Healthy Eating ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

Cognitive Theory ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Behavior ◽

And Control ◽

Relationship Of

Guided by the social cognitive theory, this randomized controlled trial tested the “Make a Move,” a provider-led intervention for Head Start parents aimed to produce changes in the outcomes of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of physical activity and healthy eating. Participants were parents of children ages 3–5 years enrolled in a Head Start program. Participants completed a 57-item questionnaire at baseline and postintervention. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test revealed a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in scores on knowledge of healthy eating ( z = 1.99, p = .05), attitude of physical activity ( z = 2.71, p < .01), and behavior of physical activity ( z = 2.03, p = .04). Ten participants (77%) completed all four intervention sessions. This study provided new insights into the relationship of a provider-led intervention with respect to knowledge, attitude, and behaviors in healthy eating and physical activity.

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