scholarly journals Microneutralization tests for serological typing and subtyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains

1978 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Rweyemamu ◽  
J. C. Booth ◽  
Morwen Head ◽  
T. W. F. Pay
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Serological Typing ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Virus Strains ◽  
Microneutralization Test

SUMMARYA microneutralization test for serotyping of FMD viruses is described. It is based on earlier observations by Booth, Rweyemamu & Pay (1978) that dose-response relationships in quantal microneutralizations often deviated from linearity. The typing test described therefore utilizes undiluted virus preparations. In about 90% of samples a positive typing was obtained in contrast with about 50% for the complement fixation test. The test was also found to be susceptible to minimal quantities of heterotypic viral contamination.For strain differentiation the microneutralization test was carried out as a checkerboard test. When compared with the complement fixation test it was found to be more specific. The necessity to utilize virus-neutralization test systems for comparing (FMD) virus strains particularly for the purpose of vaccine selection is emphasized. The two dimensional microneutralization test has been applied to a study of comparing FMDV vaccine strains for Europe, South America, the Middle East and East Africa.

scholarly journals Titration of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease in culture

1954 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Brooksby ◽  
Ella Wardle
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Virus Multiplication ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Foot And Mouth

A technique is presented for the titration of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease in culture in surviving epithelial tissue from the tongues of cattle. The cultures are incubated in cups on Perspex plates, and the detection of virus multiplication is by a complement-fixation test made on the culture in each cup.On the basis of comparative titrations in culture and in cattle, the method has been found to be as sensitive for the detection of virus as the titration by intradermal inoculation of the tongue of cattle. The method can also be applied in the detection of antibody in neutralization tests.We wish to record our thanks to Messrs E. Scoates and P. Mitchell for their technical assistance, and to Messrs H. M. Smith, R. H. Compton and R. L. Jackson for their part in the design and fabrication of various bottle rotators, plate shakers, Perspex lids and the inoculating box.

scholarly journals The titration of influenza virus-neutralizing antibodies

1952 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forrest Fulton ◽  
J. E. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Serum Dilution ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Virus Strains ◽  
Selection Of

A method of titrating influenza virus-neutralizing antibodies is described. This method is based on the technique for cultivating virus in fragments of chick chorio-allantoic membrane using a special plastic tray with cups for 100 replicates. The neutralization test cannot be made directly by adding the antiserum to the cups in which the virus is growing in the membrane fragments because there is a significant non-specific inhibitory effect. Therefore, use is made of the observation that virus added to the cups is rapidly fixed by the membrane so that, after a short time, the membrane may be washed and transferred to a fresh cup which will later be found to contain the new virus released from the membrane.In the neutralization test the membrane fragments are exposed to virus-serum mixtures for 18 hr. and then transferred to other cups without serum to determine which pieces have become infected. The titre of neutralizing antibodies is defined as the serum dilution which will protect from infection with 100 ID 50 of virus, half of a large number of replicate pieces of membrane.The neutralization technique has been applied to the antigenic comparison of six strains of influenza virus. The results support the relationships disclosed between the six strains by a complement-fixation technique. It is suggested, however, that the neutralization technique, because of its greater specificity, and because of its dependence on the infectivity of the strain, is not as satisfactory as the complement-fixation test for strain comparisons. Apart from its use for titrating neutralizing antibodies, the technique may also be of value for proving the virtual identity of two virus strains and in the selection of strains for a vaccine.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help given by Dr Isaacs of the WHO Influenza Centre. Not only did he provide many of the virus strains and antisera, but he also undertook the purification of the WS strain.

scholarly journals In vitro measurement of the potency of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Brown ◽  
J. F. E. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Individual Source ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Baby Hamster Kidney Cells

Inactivated vaccines have been prepared from one strain of FMD virus grown in guinea-pig pad epithelium, unweaned mice and cultured pig kidney and baby hamster kidney cells. The potencies of these vaccines in protecting guinea-pigs against challenge with inoculated infective virus of the same strain have been compared and related to the amounts of 25 mμ component present in the different virus suspensions. Although it was possible to obtain a relationship between the content of 25 mμ component and potency for an individual source of virus, this relationship does not hold for all the different sources of virus used. It is suggested that the reason for this failure is the partial masking of the 25 mμ component by a cell constituent present in some of the virus suspensions so that the component is incompletely estimated by the complement-fixation test.

Mumps Antibody: Placental Transfer and Disappearance During the First Year of Life

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-101
Author(s):  
David Hodes ◽  
Philip A. Brunell
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

Mumps neutralizing antibody was transferred quantitatively across the placenta. Antibody was still detectable (≥ 1:2) in 18 of 19 infants at 2 months of age. The finding of antibody in 13 of 19 infants at 5 months of age probably accounted for the failure to immunize infants at this age successfully in previous studies. Neutralizing antibody was not detectable sera of any of the 18 infants who were tested at 1 year of age. Although serum antibody during the early months of life was presumably all IgG since it was passively acquired, the neutralization test appeared to be far more sensitive than the complement fixation test for the determination of mumps antibody.

scholarly journals A study of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains by complement fixation: I. A model for the fixation of complement by antigen/antibody mixtures

1974 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Forman
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Heterologous Antigens ◽  
Direct Proportionality ◽  
Virus Strains

SUMMARYAn examination was made of the relations between antigen, antibody and fixation of complement with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). It was found that complement fixation in this system follows the same principles as models developed in other antigen/antibody systems. The assumption that there is a relation of direct proportionality between the amount of complement fixed and the amount of antiserum reacting with constant antigen was found to be incorrect. An alternative method was proposed for the quantitative differentiation of FMDV strains by comparing the titres of an antiserum when reacting with optimum amounts of homologous or heterologous antigens.

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