scholarly journals Cold water, ultra-high pressure cleaning of abattoirs

1977 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Dempster
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Ultra High Pressure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effect Of Surface

SUMMARYCold water (10° C) at ultra-high pressure (38·5–49 kg/cm2) was compared with (a) hot water (65·6–82·2° C) at low pressure (4·2–5·6 kg/cm2) and (b) hot water containing a detergent (2% (w/v) sodium silicate). Seven sites were examined in a beef abattoir and six in a bacon factory.Three surfaces in the beef abattoir had lower residual colony counts (higher reductions) after hot water/low pressure than after cold water/high pressure. However, the differences were not significant (P> 0·05). The range of the mean log10count/cm2before cleaning was 4·02–5·15, and after cleaning 1·73–2·32 (hot water) and 1·9–2·85 (cold water).On three of the remaining sites, the three methods were compared. The total differences between treatments were not significant (P> 0.05), although there was an effect of surface and an interaction between surface and treatment. The cold water produced lower residual counts on three sites in the bacon factory than the hot water (45–54°C). However, the differences were not significant on the remaining surfaces.

Nasalance and Nasality in Low Pressure and High Pressure Speech

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Watterson ◽  
Kerry E. Lewis ◽  
Candace Deutsch
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Communication Disorder ◽  
Test Sensitivity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hypernasal Speech ◽  
Test Specificity ◽  
The Mean

Objective This study compared nasalance measures and nasality ratings in low pressure (LP) and high pressure (HP) speech. Subjects The subjects for this study were 25 children ranging in age from 5 to 13 years. Twenty of the subjects were patients followed by a craniofacial team, and five had no history of communication disorder. Results The mean nasalance for the LP speech was 29.98% (SD, 16.16), and the mean nasalance for the HP speech was 30.28% (SD, 15.35). The mean nasality rating for the LP speech was 2.31, and the mean nasality rating for the HP speech was 2.59. Separate paired t tests revealed no significant difference between the LP or the HP speech for either the nasalance scores or the nasality ratings. The correlation coefficient between nasalance and nasality for the LP speech was r = 0.78, and for the HP speech r = 0.77. Using a cutoff of 26% for nasalance and 2.0 for nasality, Nasometer test sensitivity was 0.84 and test specificity was 0.88. Conclusions In general, clinicians may obtain valid measures of nasalance and/or ratings of nasality using either an LP stimulus or an HP stimulus. Sensitivity and specificity scores indicated that the Nasometer was reasonably accurate in distinguishing between normal and hypernasal speech samples.

Assessing the vulnerability of organic matter to C mineralisation in pasture and cropping soils of New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam McNally ◽  
Mike Beare ◽  
Denis Curtin ◽  
Craig Tregurtha ◽  
Weiwen Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
C Mineralisation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

In New Zealand, pastoral soils have substantial organic carbon (OC) stocks, which may be vulnerable to loss from disturbance and environmental perturbations. We assessed OC vulnerability using two approaches. For the first approach, we postulated that the OC deficit of continuously cropped soils relative to nearby pastoral soils would provide a measure of the quantity of potentially vulnerable OC in pastures. As a test, soils were sampled to a depth of 15 cm at 149 sites and the total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) contents were measured. The second approach involved measurement of OC mineralisation in a laboratory assay (98 day aerobic incubation at 25°C). For the pastoral soils, the mean TOC and POC was about twice that of the cropped soils. On average, 89% more OC was mineralised from the pastoral soils compared with the cropped counterparts. However, the quantity of OC mineralised in pasture soils was small relative to the potential for OC loss inferred from the difference in TOC between pastoral and cropped soils. Carbon mineralisation was explained using a two-pool exponential model with rate constants of the ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ pools equating to 0.36 ± 0.155 and 0.007 ± 0.003 day–1 respectively. The larger, slow OC pool correlated strongly with hot water extractable OC whereas the fast pool was related to OC extracted using cold water. Our results suggest that water extraction (using cold and hot water) can provide a rapid estimate of the quantity of mineralisable OC across a wide range of New Zealand soils.

Study on Ultra - High Pressure Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Umbilicaria in Yellow Mountain

2020 ◽  
Vol 980 ◽  
pp. 187-196
Author(s):  
Ke Kui Sun ◽  
Ji Ang Wei
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Ultra High Pressure ◽  
Theoretical Yield ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Single Factor Experiment

The effect of ultra-high pressure technology on the extraction of polysaccharides from Huangshan Stone Ear was studied. The effects of solid-liquid ratio, pressure and time on the yield of polysaccharides from umbilicaria were investigated by single factor experiment, and the experiment was optimized by response surface experiment design. Under the conditions of pressure maintaining time of 14.36 min, pressure of 303 MPa and ratio of solid to liquid of 1: 54, the theoretical yield of polysaccharides was12.85±1.32%, 1.18 times as high as that of hot water extraction and 1.39 times as high as that of ultrasonic-assisted extraction. This experiment proved that it is feasible to use ultra-high pressure technology to assist in the extraction of stone ear polysaccharides. Meanwhile, the ultra-high pressure technology also has the advantages of high efficiency, environmental protection and low temperature requirement, which provides a new and efficient method for extraction of polysaccharides from umbilicaria.

scholarly journals Detection ofLegionellaspp. from Domestic Water in the Prefecture of Arta, Greece

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitra Dimitriadi ◽  
Emmanuel Velonakis
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
Hot Water Supply ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this research was the isolation ofLegionellaspp. from domestic water supply networks in the Prefecture of Arta. A total of 100 water samples, from 25 houses, were collected. Half of the samples concerned the cold water and half the hot water supply. Purpose was to detect colonization of the water networks withLegionellaspp. >500 cfu/L by using the method of filtration (ISO 11731). Out of 100 samples, 6 samples from 3 houses were positive forLegionellaspp.Legionella pneumophilaserogroup 2–14 was isolated in 5 of 6 samples, whereas in the sixth sampleLegionella anisawas identified. Only three of the samples had residual chloride over 0.2 mg/L, rate which is necessary for potable water, according to the Greek hygienic practice. Concerning the temperature of hot water, the mean temperature of the negative forLegionellasamples was higher compared to the mean temperature of the positive forLegionellasamples (49.9°C versus 45.5°C). It is estimated that there is risk of infection through the use of showers. The low concentration of chloride and the temperature, which was found within the limits favorable to developingLegionellaspp. (20–45°C), provide fertile ground for proliferation of the bacteria.

Optimization of hot water extraction and ultra high pressure extraction for deer antler

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Hyun Jin ◽  
Ei-Hyun Chun ◽  
Ju Hwan Hyun ◽  
Sung-Won Choi ◽  
Seung-Tae Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Deer Antler ◽  
Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Ultra High Pressure ◽  
Pressure Extraction

scholarly journals XXVIII.—On the Computation of the Specific Heat of Liquid Water at various Temperatures, from the Experiments of M. Regnault

1853 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-444
Author(s):  
William John Macquorn Rankine
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Apparent Specific Heat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Great Force

Correction of M. Regnault's Experiments for the Effect of Agitation.The discovery by Mr Joule of the fact, that mechanical power expended in the agitation of liquids is converted into heat as the visible agitation subsides, renders a certain correction necessary in calculating the results of experiments on specific heat in which such agitation has occurred.Of this kind are the experiments of M. Regnault on the apparent specific heat of liquid water at different temperatures. Water at a high temperature, T3, was emitted from a boiler into a calorimeter containing water at a low temperature, Tl, and the resulting intermediate temperature of the whole mass, T2, was used as the means of calculating the ratio of the mean specific heat of water between T3 and T2, to its mean specific heat between T2 and T1. Now, the upper part of the boiler contained steam at a high pressure, so that the hot water was expelled with great force.

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