Bacteriology of otitis media with effusion

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Sriwardhana ◽  
A. J. Howard ◽  
K. T. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Group A ◽  
Branhamella Catarrhalis ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

AbstractA study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria present in the middle ear of patients with otitis media with effusion. Middle ear effusions (MEE), nasopharyngeal and throat swabs were obtained at operation and cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Two hundred and fifty-nine effusions were obtained from 152 subjects examined.Haemophilus influenzaewas isolated from 32 (12.3 per cent) effusions.Streptococcus pneumoniaefrom seven (2.7 per cent),Staphylococcus aureusfrom seven (2.7 per cent), Branhamella catarrhalis from one (0.4 per cent)—Group A β haemolytic streptococci from one (0.4 per cent) andStaphylcoccus epidermidisfrom three (1.9 per cent). The occurrence of respiratory pathogens in MEE reflected their prevalence in the upper respiratory tract. Significantly fewer children who had received antibiotics prior to surgery had organisms present in the MEE. Eight and a half per cent ofH. influenzaeand 64 per cent ofB. catarrhaliswere resistant to ampicillin. The present study confirms that bacteria are present in the middle ear in a significant number of patients with otitis media with effusion.

Erythromycin in the treatment of Otitis Media with Effusion(OME)

1984 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 767-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ernstson ◽  
L. Sundberg
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Similar Group ◽  
Middle Ear Effusion ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Adenoid Tissue ◽  
Branhamella Catarrhalis ◽  
Ear Effusion

SummaryPrevious studies havd shown erythromycin to penetrate into both the middle-ear effusion and the adenoid tissue in children with Otitis Media with Effusion (OME). The levels obtained were similar to the plasma levels. Cultures in long-standing cases of OME have yielded respiratory pathogens—Haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and Branhamella catarrhalis—in the nasopharynx in 79 per cent and in the middle-ear effusion in per cent.In the present investigation a group of children with OME of more than three months' duration were given erythromycin (Abboticin®) in standard dosage for the last 10 days prior to scheduled operation (paracentesis or tympanostomy). Resolution was determined as normalization of the middle ear status, and this led to cancellation of surgery. The rate of resolution—12/26 (45 per cent)—was significantly higher than in a similar group of children not treated with erythromycin—11/72 (15 per cent). There are thus rational reasons for using erythromycin in OME, in many cases as an alternative to tympanostomy.

Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in the Middle ear and ear Canal in Acute Otitis Media

1982 ◽  
Vol 93 (sup386) ◽  
pp. 100-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Luotonen ◽  
A. M. M. Jokipii ◽  
P. Sipilä ◽  
J. Väyrynen ◽  
L. Jokipii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Bacteriology of chronic otitis media with effusion

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Diamond ◽  
P. R. Sisson ◽  
A. M. Kearns ◽  
H. R. Ingham
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Chronic Otitis Media

AbstractSamples of middle ear effusions from 102 children with serous and mucoid otitis media were cultured for mycoplasmas and bacteria. No sample yielded mycoplasmas but bacteria were cultured from 48 (47 per cent). Organisms commonly regarded as pathogens were present in 25 samples (Haemophilus influenzae 17, Streptococcus pneumoniae four, other streptococci four). The only sample from which anaerobic bacteria were isolated was from a patient with cholesteatoma.

Comparative Treatment Trial of Augmentin Versus Cefaclor for Acute Otitis Media with Effusion

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-826
Author(s):  
Carla M. Odio ◽  
Helen Kusmiesz ◽  
Sharon Shelton ◽  
John D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear Effusion ◽  
Recurrent Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Potassium Clavulanate ◽  
Branhamella Catarrhalis ◽  
Viridans Group Streptococci ◽  
Ear Effusion

A total of 150 children with acute otitis media were randomly allocated to treatment with amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate (Augmentin) or with cefaclor. Each drug was given in a daily dosage of approximately 40 mg/kg in three divided doses for ten days. Tympanocentesis done before treatment yielded specimens that contained pneumococcus or Haemophilus sp or both in 67% of specimens. Viridans group streptococci were isolated from 10% of specimens and Branhamella catarrhalis from 6%. Patients were scheduled for followup examinations at midtreatment, end of therapy, and at 30, 60, and 90 days. Of the 150 children, 130 were evaluable. Five of 60 patients (8%) treated with cefaclor were considered therapeutic failures because of persistent purulent drainage and isolation of the original pathogen or suprainfection. There were no failures among patients treated with Augmentin (P = .019). Rates of relapse, recurrent acute otitis media with effusion, and persistent middle ear effusion were comparable in the two groups of patients. Diaper rash, or loose stools, or both were significantly more common in children treated with Augmentin (34%) than in those taking cefaclor (12%), but in no case was it necessary to discontinue medication because of these mild side effects (P = .002). Cefaclor therapy was discontinued in one patient because of severe abdominal pain and vomiting. In this study, treatment with Augmentin was superior to treatment with cefaclor in the acute phase of acute otitis media with effusion, but Augmentin produced more adverse effects. The rates of persistent middle ear effusion and recurrent acute otitis media with effusion were comparable with the two regimens.

Tympanometric Configurations and Middle Ear Findings in Experimental Otitis Media

1982 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Scott Giebink ◽  
Kelley A. Heller ◽  
Earl R. Harford
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Serous Effusion ◽  
Normal Compliance ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Highly Correlated

Relationships between ventilation of the middle ear (ME) system and pathogenic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract were explored in an animal model to better understand the etiopathogenesis of otitis media. Otitis media developed in 12 of 18 chinchillas inoculated intranasally with Streptococcus pneumoniae followed by bilateral ME deflation (negative pressure). Otitis media with effusion developed in 19 of 36 ears examined ten days after inoculation. The development of purulent effusion after ten days was highly correlated with persistent negative ME pressure for at least 48 hours after deflation, while most ears that developed serous effusion after ten days had normal ME pressure 48 hours after deflation. Tympanometric validation of the presence or absence of effusion and type of effusion was obtained ten days after inoculation. A low compliance tympanogram detected 90% of the purulent effusions and was 100% specific for this type of effusion. In contrast, three of four serous effusions were associated with normal pressure/normal compliance tracings suggesting that the physical characteristics or volume of ME effusion and/or the histopathology of the ME cleft are reflected in the tympanometric configuration.

Effect of Naproxen, a Prostaglandin Inhibitor, on Acute Otitis Media and Persistence of Middle Ear Effusion in Children

1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izhak B. Varsano ◽  
Benjamin M. Volovitz ◽  
Josef E. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear Effusion ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prostaglandin Inhibitor ◽  
Ear Effusion

Prostaglandins are thought to be of importance in the pathophysiology of otitis media with effusion (OME), and the possibility of reducing the frequency and persistence of this condition by using prostaglandin inhibitors has been suggested. In a double blind manner, naproxen was administered to children with acute otitis media, in addition to amoxicillin, and its influence on the subsequent occurrence and persistence of middle ear effusion was evaluated. Eighty-one children participated in the study. No significant difference was found in the number of patients with tympanograms consistent with OME in the two groups. After 10 days of treatment, 63% in the naproxen and 58% in the placebo group, and after 30 days, 41% and 59%, respectively, had type B tympanograms. Similarly, there were no differences between the two groups with respect to other parameters studied (duration of otalgia, fever, otoscopic findings). No side effects related to naproxen were observed.

Nitrotyrosine in Otitis Media with Effusion

2005 ◽  
Vol 114 (10) ◽  
pp. 804-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken-Ichi Hisamatsu ◽  
Hajime Inoue ◽  
Kiyoshi Makiyama ◽  
Masami Homma
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Lactic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Mucosal Cell ◽  
Ldh Activity ◽  
Acute Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A

Objectives: Our purpose was to investigate mucosal cell injury due to the nitric oxide (NO)-superoxide system in otitis media with effusion. Methods: We determined the levels of nitrotyrosine (NT) and NO and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in 90 middle ear fluid samples. Results: The NT concentration was significantly higher in group A (<16 years old) than in group C (>50 years old; p <.05), and significantly higher in the acute group than in the chronic group (p <.05). The NO concentration did not show a significant difference among the groups. The activity of SOD showed significant correlations with the concentrations of NT and NO and with LDH activity (p <.05). The LDH activity was significantly greater in group A than in group C (p <.05). Conclusions: Our results indicate involvement of the NO-superoxide system in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion, showing evidence of protein and/or cell injury in the middle ear.

Mucosal Immune System: Implications in Otitis Media with Effusion

1980 ◽  
Vol 89 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 326-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bernstein ◽  
Pearay L. Ogra
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract

The ontogeny of the mucosal immune system as it relates to the development of lymphoid tissue in the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract has been studied quite extensively over the past few years. It is apparent now that the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and gut-associated lymphoid tissue are the major sources of immunocompetent precursor B lymphocytes. After the induction of antigens in the respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal tract, precursor lymphoid cells in these sites are preferentially activated to undergo significant proliferation. Such antigen-sensitized cells eventually migrate to other mucosa sites, such as mammary glands, genital tract, conjuctiva, etc. Recent evidence has suggested that the immunocompetent tissue observed in the middle ear cleft during otitis media with effusion may function as an extension of the mucosal immune system in the upper respiratory tract. The implications of these observations relative to middle ear disease are discussed.

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7868
Author(s):  
Su Young Jung ◽  
Dokyoung Kim ◽  
Dong Choon Park ◽  
Sung Soo Kim ◽  
Tong In Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state or complications may occur. Therefore, given the important role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the early response to external antigens, we surveyed the role of TLRs in otitis media. To summarize the role of TLR in otitis media, we reviewed articles on the expression of TLRs in acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. Many studies showed that TLRs 1–10 are expressed in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. TLR expression in the normal middle ear mucosa is absent or weak, but is increased in inflammatory fluid of AOM, effusion of OME, and granulation tissue and cholesteatoma of COM. In addition, TLRs show increased or decreased expression depending on the presence or absence of bacteria, recurrence of disease, tissue type, and repeated surgery. In conclusion, expression of TLRs is associated with otitis media. Inappropriate TLR expression, or delayed or absent induction, are associated with the occurrence, recurrence, chronicization, and complications of otitis media. Therefore, TLRs are very important in otitis media and closely related to its etiology.

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