The effect of laryngeal elevation training on swallowing function in patients with dysphagia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
N Sugaya ◽  
F Goto ◽  
Y Seino ◽  
K Nishiyama ◽  
K Okami
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Visit Time ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Laryngeal Elevation ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Flow Test ◽  
Main Effect

Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of laryngeal elevation training without highly loaded head lifting on swallowing function in patients with dysphagia. Methods Fifty-seven patients with dysphagia (36 men; mean age, 78.5 ± 11.4 years) were included. All participants performed the swallowing forehead exercise and the chin push–pull manoeuvre for two months. Videoendoscopy to assess swallowing function, the peak expiratory flow test and the hand grip strength test were performed at the initial visit (time 1) and two months after the start of the intervention (time 2). We used the Hyodo score, a scoring method for videoendoscopic assessment, for evaluation of swallowing function. Results The linear mixed model showed a significant main effect of time (the Hyodo score at time 1 was greater than the score at time 2). The effects of the co-variates were not significant. Conclusion The present study demonstrated the significant effect of laryngeal elevation training without head lifting on the Hyodo score.

scholarly journals Effects of kinship correction on inflation of genetic interaction statistics in commonly used mouse populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L Tyler ◽  
Baha El Kassaby ◽  
Georgi Kolishovski ◽  
Jake Emerson ◽  
Ann E Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Kinship Matrix ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Interaction Test

Abstract It is well understood that variation in relatedness among individuals, or kinship, can lead to false genetic associations. Multiple methods have been developed to adjust for kinship while maintaining power to detect true associations. However, relatively unstudied, are the effects of kinship on genetic interaction test statistics. Here we performed a survey of kinship effects on studies of six commonly used mouse populations. We measured inflation of main effect test statistics, genetic interaction test statistics, and interaction test statistics reparametrized by the Combined Analysis of Pleiotropy and Epistasis (CAPE). We also performed linear mixed model (LMM) kinship corrections using two types of kinship matrix: an overall kinship matrix calculated from the full set of genotyped markers, and a reduced kinship matrix, which left out markers on the chromosome(s) being tested. We found that test statistic inflation varied across populations and was driven largely by linkage disequilibrium. In contrast, there was no observable inflation in the genetic interaction test statistics. CAPE statistics were inflated at a level in between that of the main effects and the interaction effects. The overall kinship matrix overcorrected the inflation of main effect statistics relative to the reduced kinship matrix. The two types of kinship matrices had similar effects on the interaction statistics and CAPE statistics, although the overall kinship matrix trended toward a more severe correction. In conclusion, we recommend using a LMM kinship correction for both main effects and genetic interactions and further recommend that the kinship matrix be calculated from a reduced set of markers in which the chromosomes being tested are omitted from the calculation. This is particularly important in populations with substantial population structure, such as recombinant inbred lines in which genomic replicates are used.

scholarly journals The Effect of Test, Electrode, and Rate on Electrocochleography Measures

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 041-053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyson Butler Lake ◽  
Andrew Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Amplitude Ratio ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Stimulus Rate ◽  
Summating Potential ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Test Electrode

AbstractElectrocochleography (ECochG) is the measurement of stimulus-related cochlear potentials and the compound action potential (AP). Its primary clinical application is with the assessment of inner ear disorders. There are few studies examining the variability of ECochG measures.The objective of the study was to examine the effect of test (i.e., initial versus retest), electrode (i.e., extratympanic versus tympanic), and stimulus rate (i.e., 7.7 versus 77.7/sec) on ECochG indices (i.e., summating potential [SP] amplitude, AP latency, AP amplitude, SP/AP amplitude ratio, and SP/AP area ratio).Correlational and three-factor repeated measures designs were employed.Eighteen normal-hearing young adults participated.ECochG responses were obtained with 90 dB nHL click stimuli for an initial test and retest at two stimulus rates with a commercially available extratympanic (TIPtrode™) and tympanic (Lilly TM-Wick) electrode. Separate repeated measures linear mixed-model analysis of variance examined the effect of test, electrode, and rate for all ECochG indices. Test–retest variability was also examined with correlation analyses; an examination of mean test–retest differences and their 95% confidence intervals (CI); and construction of Bland-Altman plots.The presence of SP and AP responses varied across experimental conditions. Electrode and rate were statistically significant predictors (p < 0.05) of SP and AP responses: SP and AP responses were more likely to be present with the tympanic electrode and at the slow rate. Statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between initial tests and retests with all ECochG indices with both electrodes with the exception of SP amplitude with the TIPtrode™ electrode. There were no significant main effects of test (initial versus retest) or interactions of test and electrode or rate for any of the ECochG indices (p > 0.05). The 95% CI of the mean test–retest differences contained 0 confirming that the effect of test was not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant main effect of electrode (p < 0.05) on three ECochG measures. The Lilly TM-Wick electrode produced larger SP amplitudes, AP amplitudes, and SP/AP area ratios than TIPtrode™ electrodes. A statistically significant main effect of rate (p < 0.05) was identified for all ECochG measures. The effect of rate on AP latency and amplitude was expected. Increasing the stimulus rate prolonged the AP latency and decreased AP amplitude. SP amplitude was larger for the faster rate.There was no difference between electrodes with regard to test–retest measures. However, considering the higher likelihood of ECochG SP and AP responses and larger SP amplitude, SP/AP amplitude ratio, and SP/AP area ratio indices, the tympanic electrode placement is recommended for clinical practice. The addition of a fast stimulus rate may be considered for enhanced SP amplitude, SP/AP amplitude ratio, and SP/AP area ratio albeit with the consideration of the loss of SP and AP responses in some individuals.

scholarly journals Can Special Light Glasses Reduce Sleepiness and Improve Sleep of Nightshift Workers? A Placebo-Controlled Explorative Field Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariëlle P. J. Aarts ◽  
Steffen L. Hartmeyer ◽  
Kars Morsink ◽  
Helianthe S. M. Kort ◽  
Yvonne A. W. de Kort
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Subjective Sleep Quality ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Sleep Complaints ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Driver Sleepiness

Nightshift workers go against the natural sleep–wake rhythm. Light can shift the circadian clock but can also induce acute alertness. This placebo-controlled exploratory field study examined the effectiveness of light glasses to improve alertness while reducing the sleep complaints of hospital nurses working nightshifts. In a crossover within-subjects design, 23 nurses participated, using treatment glasses and placebo glasses. Sleepiness and sleep parameters were measured. A linear mixed model analysis on sleepiness revealed no significant main effect of the light intervention. An interaction effect was found indicating that under the placebo condition, sleepiness was significantly higher on the first nightshift than on the last night, while under the treatment condition, sleepiness remained stable across nightshift sessions. Sleepiness during the commute home also showed a significant interaction effect, demonstrating that after the first nightshift, driver sleepiness was higher for placebo than for treatment. Subjective sleep quality showed a negative main effect of treatment vs. placebo, particularly after the first nightshift. In retrospect, both types of light glasses were self-rated as effective. The use of light glasses during the nightshift may help to reduce driver sleepiness during the commute home, which is relevant, as all participants drove home by car or (motor) bike.

scholarly journals Effects of kinship correction on inflation of genetic interaction statistics in commonly used mouse populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Tyler ◽  
Baha El Kassaby ◽  
Georgi Kolishovski ◽  
Jake Emerson ◽  
Ann Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Kinship Matrix ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Interaction Test

AbstractIt is well understood that variation in relatedness among individuals, or kinship, can lead to false genetic associations. Multiple methods have been developed to adjust for kinship while maintaining power to detect true associations. However, relatively unstudied, are the effects of kinship on genetic interaction test statistics. Here we performed a survey of kinship effects on studies of six commonly used mouse populations. We measured inflation of main effect test statistics, genetic interaction test statistics, and interaction test statistics reparametrized by the Combined Analysis of Pleiotropy and Epistasis (CAPE). We also performed linear mixed model (LMM) kinship corrections using two types of kinship matrix: an overall kinship matrix calculated from the full set of genotyped markers, and a reduced kinship matrix, which left out markers on the chromosome(s) being tested. We found that test statistic inflation varied across populations and was driven largely by linkage disequilibrium. In contrast, there was no observable inflation in the genetic interaction test statistics. CAPE statistics were inflated at a level in between that of the main effects and the interaction effects. The overall kinship matrix overcorrected the inflation of main effect statistics relative to the reduced kinship matrix. The two types of kinship matrices had similar effects on the interaction statistics and CAPE statistics, although the overall kinship matrix trended toward a more severe correction. In conclusion, we recommend using a LMM kinship correction for both main effects and genetic interactions and further recommend that the kinship matrix be calculated from a reduced set of markers in which the chromosomes being tested are omitted from the calculation. This is particularly important in populations with substantial population structure, such as recombinant inbred lines in which genomic replicates are used.

Analyzing discontinuities in longitudinal count data: A multilevel generalized linear mixed model.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Peugh ◽  
Sarah J. Beal ◽  
Meghan E. McGrady ◽  
Michael D. Toland ◽  
Constance Mara
Keyword(s):  
Count Data ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Longitudinal Count Data

Predicting bycatch hotspots based on suitable habitat derived from fishery-independent data

2020 ◽  
Vol 641 ◽  
pp. 159-175
Author(s):  
J Runnebaum ◽  
KR Tanaka ◽  
L Guan ◽  
J Cao ◽  
L O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Suitability Index

Bycatch remains a global problem in managing sustainable fisheries. A critical aspect of management is understanding the timing and spatial extent of bycatch. Fisheries management often relies on observed bycatch data, which are not always available due to a lack of reporting or observer coverage. Alternatively, analyzing the overlap in suitable habitat for the target and non-target species can provide a spatial management tool to understand where bycatch interactions are likely to occur. Potential bycatch hotspots based on suitable habitat were predicted for cusk Brosme brosme incidentally caught in the Gulf of Maine American lobster Homarus americanus fishery. Data from multiple fisheries-independent surveys were combined in a delta-generalized linear mixed model to generate spatially explicit density estimates for use in an independent habitat suitability index. The habitat suitability indices for American lobster and cusk were then compared to predict potential bycatch hotspot locations. Suitable habitat for American lobster has increased between 1980 and 2013 while suitable habitat for cusk decreased throughout most of the Gulf of Maine, except for Georges Basin and the Great South Channel. The proportion of overlap in suitable habitat varied interannually but decreased slightly in the spring and remained relatively stable in the fall over the time series. As Gulf of Maine temperatures continue to increase, the interactions between American lobster and cusk are predicted to decline as cusk habitat continues to constrict. This framework can contribute to fisheries managers’ understanding of changes in habitat overlap as climate conditions continue to change and alter where bycatch interactions could occur.

Long-term seizure outcomes after pediatric temporal lobectomy: does brain MRI lesion matter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-208
Author(s):  
Ravindra Arya ◽  
Francesco T. Mangano ◽  
Paul S. Horn ◽  
Sabrina K. Kaul ◽  
Serena K. Kaul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Seizure Freedom ◽  
Seizure Onset

OBJECTIVEThere is emerging data that adults with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) without a discrete lesion on brain MRI have surgical outcomes comparable to those with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). However, pediatric TLE is different from its adult counterpart. In this study, the authors investigated if the presence of a potentially epileptogenic lesion on presurgical brain MRI influences the long-term seizure outcomes after pediatric temporal lobectomy.METHODSChildren who underwent temporal lobectomy between 2007 and 2015 and had at least 1 year of seizure outcomes data were identified. These were classified into lesional and MRI-negative groups based on whether an epilepsy-protocol brain MRI showed a lesion sufficiently specific to guide surgical decisions. These patients were also categorized into pure TLE and temporal plus epilepsies based on the neurophysiological localization of the seizure-onset zone. Seizure outcomes at each follow-up visit were incorporated into a repeated-measures generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with MRI status as a grouping variable. Clinical variables were incorporated into GLMM as covariates.RESULTSOne hundred nine patients (44 females) were included, aged 5 to 21 years, and were classified as lesional (73%), MRI negative (27%), pure TLE (56%), and temporal plus (44%). After a mean follow-up of 3.2 years (range 1.2–8.8 years), 66% of the patients were seizure free for ≥ 1 year at last follow-up. GLMM analysis revealed that lesional patients were more likely to be seizure free over the long term compared to MRI-negative patients for the overall cohort (OR 2.58, p < 0.0001) and for temporal plus epilepsies (OR 1.85, p = 0.0052). The effect of MRI lesion was not significant for pure TLE (OR 2.64, p = 0.0635). Concordance of ictal electroencephalography (OR 3.46, p < 0.0001), magnetoencephalography (OR 4.26, p < 0.0001), and later age of seizure onset (OR 1.05, p = 0.0091) were associated with a higher likelihood of seizure freedom. The most common histological findings included cortical dysplasia types 1B and 2A, HS (40% with dual pathology), and tuberous sclerosis.CONCLUSIONSA lesion on presurgical brain MRI is an important determinant of long-term seizure freedom after pediatric temporal lobectomy. Pediatric TLE is heterogeneous regarding etiologies and organization of seizure-onset zones with many patients qualifying for temporal plus nosology. The presence of an MRI lesion determined seizure outcomes in patients with temporal plus epilepsies. However, pure TLE had comparable surgical seizure outcomes for lesional and MRI-negative groups.

scholarly journals Reducing Aggression by Developing Emotional and Inhibitory Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5263
Author(s):  
Miriam Romero-López ◽  
María Carmen Pichardo ◽  
Ana Justicia-Arráez ◽  
Judit Bembibre-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Emotional Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Experimental Group

The objective of this study is to measure the effectiveness of a program on improving inhibitory and emotional control among children. In addition, it is assessed whether the improvement of these skills has an effect on the reduction of aggressive behavior in pre-school children. The participants were 100 children, 50 belonging to the control group and 50 to the experimental group, aged between 5 and 6 years. Pre-intervention and post-intervention measures of inhibitory and emotional control (BRIEF-P) and aggression (BASC) were taken. A Generalized Linear Mixed Model analysis (GLMM) was performed and found that children in the experimental group scored higher on inhibitory and emotional control compared to their peers in the control group. In addition, these improvements have an effect on the decrease in aggressiveness. In conclusion, preventive research should have among its priorities the design of such program given their implications for psychosocial development.

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