Mauritania's Foreign Policy: the Search for Protection

1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Pazzanita
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Fault Line ◽  
North African ◽  
Black African ◽  
Senegal River ◽  
Arab League ◽  
Per Capita

Of the 21 members of the Arab League, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania has received perhaps the least attention, ranking far behind other North African states, much less those closer to the Arab—Israeli fault-line or the recent Gulf conflict. Mauritania's desperate economic condition (a G.N.P. per capita of only $446 in 1984) has been occasionally publicised, as well as advancing desertification (reaching even into the centre of the capital, Nouakchott), and the tensions between the ruling Beydane (‘white’) Arabs, supported by their cultural/political allies, and the black African tribes concentrated in the Senegal River valley that erupted into violence in April 1989, and which led to a near-war between Senegal and Mauritania.

scholarly journals The Nature of the Principle of Deterrence in the Nuclear Actions of the Islamic Republic of Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Sarmadi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Nuclear Weapon ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Current Article

US foreign policy during the Obama administration, especially in the second term, has focused to resolve its international crises in the Middle East and tried to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue. In the current article, different approaches are brought forth in the field of discerning deterrence mechanisms that are feasible against asymmetric hazards. In the following, the attempts has been made to answer the question of how deterrence can be utilized as a mechanism to face asymmetric threats, and what role can Iran's nuclear program play in deterring countries in power in this process?. Hence, from the analysis of the mentioned model, we will present the main and major assumptions of the current article under four headings: deterrent measures, coercive measures, anti-deployment measures and counter-offensive measures. The tensions between Iran and the West are not the product of Iran's nuclear program, but are based on the religious ideology of the Iranian government and Israel's presence in the region, although the role of some Arab countries, especially Saudi Arabia, should not be disregarded. The hypothesis under consideration is that US foreign policy in the Iranian nuclear case has been directed towards the interaction of national interests by following the rational, organizational and bureaucratic model of decision-making models. The result of the research is that think tanks are very determining in leading the US government to the White House foreign policy decision-maker towards Iran, so that diplomacy actors cannot escape it. And public opinion seeks to make Iran's nuclear energy dangerous and to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon as a serious threat to humanity. Though, the Islamic Republic of Iran, with its power to obtain nuclear weapons, does not intend to build a nuclear bomb, nor does it intend to make the world insecure. The power of reaching to a nuclear weapon can play a key and major role for Iran as a deterrent, and Iran intends to use nuclear energy not to build a bomb but to make it peaceful.

scholarly journals Geopolitical explanation for foreign policy of Islamic republic of Iran with an emphasis on Geo-economics capabilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (49) ◽  
pp. 37-57
Author(s):  
Abed Golkarami ◽  
Yadolah Karimi Pour ◽  
Afshin Motaghi ◽  
Hossien Rabiee ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran

Estimating Bird Damage to Rice in Africa: Evidence from the Senegal River Valley

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann de Mey ◽  
Matty Demont ◽  
Mandiaye Diagne
Keyword(s):  
River Valley ◽  
Senegal River ◽  
Bird Damage

scholarly journals We Are what We Eat: Food in the Process of Community Formation and Identity Shaping among African Traders in Guangzhou and Yiwu

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adams Bodomo ◽  
Enyu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Eating Habits ◽  
West African ◽  
Community Identity ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
North African ◽  
Black Africans ◽  
Black African ◽  
The One ◽  
Cohesive Interaction

Abstract In this paper we analyze two African communities in Guangzhou and Yiwu, China, arguing that among Guangzhou Africans on the one hand, Black Africans, particularly West Africans, have a tighter community and interact more with each other than Black Africans in Yiwu. On the other hand, Maghrebian Africans in Yiwu have a tighter community and maintain a more cohesive interaction than their counterparts in Guangzhou. Evidence for this characterization of the communities comes from food and communal food-eating habits. There are hardly any West African restaurants in Yiwu while there is an abundance of West African and other Black African restaurants in Guangzhou where there is more community patronage. In contrast, there are more concentrations of North African restaurants in Yiwu than in Guangzhou. We discuss the crucial role food and food-making and eating places play in providing structures and avenues for community bonding to promote community formation and community identity shaping.

scholarly journals Regional Security Arrangements and Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran Case Study: Shanghai Cooperation Organization

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Majid Divsalar ◽  
Ebrahim Javadi Veshki
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Shanghai Cooperation Organization ◽  
Security Measure ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Policy Behavior ◽  
Foreign Policy Behavior

In international system scene, interests and strategies for ensuring these interests are among key strategies of powerful countries. Therefore, super powers, organize security in different geographical areas through competition in order to challenge competitors and threaten them. Shanghai cooperation organization (SCO), as the most important security measure, has been developed by influence of competitive atmosphere in international system by help of Russian, China and some other important regional allies in response to transatlantic actions. As a result, this security measure could control peripheral threats in the region. In this regard, Islamic Republic of Iran, has considered emergence of this regional security measure as a serious threat for its national and regional interests and has acted to suppress them in the framework of its defense diplomacy. Considering this, authors try to answer this question that how Shanghai cooperation organization as security measure can influence the foreign policy behavior of Islamic Republic of Iran? By studying and analyzing how and why Shanghai cooperation organization (SOC) around Islamic Republic of Iran and determining foreign policy of super powers in establishing this organization, its effect on the foreign policy behavior of Islamic Republic of Iran is considered.

The Red River Campaign, 1864

2021 ◽  
pp. 504-519
Author(s):  
T. Michael Parrish
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Red River ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Red River Valley ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Union Soldiers ◽  
Commercial Center

The Red River Campaign in the spring of 1864 was the disastrous culmination of the Union high command’s persistent efforts to conquer Louisiana and Texas. Abraham Lincoln ordered Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, commander of the Department of the Gulf, to lead a large force from New Orleans up the Red River Valley, capture Shreveport (the Confederacy’s Trans-Mississippi capital and major commercial center), and invade Texas. Lincoln delayed an important campaign against Mobile and diverted significant manpower from the western theater and Arkansas, along with a large fleet of naval vessels, to support Banks in order to accomplish sweeping economic, political, and foreign policy goals. Mismanaged by Banks from the start, the campaign suffered defeat before reaching Shreveport, but it created havoc in the Red River Valley by allowing many slaves to flee to Union forces, compelling many civilians to flee with their slaves to Texas for safety, and inducing defeated Union soldiers to destroy a vast array of civilian properties and towns. As a result, northern Louisiana suffered economically for many years, while Texas emerged from the war continuing to grow into an economic powerhouse.

An analytical review of Ahmadinejad’s foreign policy frameworks in terms of constructivism theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
Ali AbolAli Aghdaci
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
International Community ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Special Approach ◽  
International Systems

The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the administration of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, due to its importance and its not so in significant achievements, from the structuralist point of view, created a different identity and role in international relations and a special approach in relation to foreign and international systems. The author’s main question is that what impact has the foreign policy of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad had in the international community? It seems that the role of domestic norms that came from the international community was damaged by internal policies due to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s policies, which, from the structuralist point of view, had a profound effect on the declining of Iranian foreign policy during the Ahmadinejad era in the international system. Direct conflict with the global system, presenting incorrect policies of foreign policy of the Islamic Republic, the lack accepting common understanding minds of the international community, non-convergence in foreign policy, the adoption of irrational foreign policy, are all important factors that could undermine the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the public opinion of the international community.

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