We Are what We Eat: Food in the Process of Community Formation and Identity Shaping among African Traders in Guangzhou and Yiwu

Abstract In this paper we analyze two African communities in Guangzhou and Yiwu, China, arguing that among Guangzhou Africans on the one hand, Black Africans, particularly West Africans, have a tighter community and interact more with each other than Black Africans in Yiwu. On the other hand, Maghrebian Africans in Yiwu have a tighter community and maintain a more cohesive interaction than their counterparts in Guangzhou. Evidence for this characterization of the communities comes from food and communal food-eating habits. There are hardly any West African restaurants in Yiwu while there is an abundance of West African and other Black African restaurants in Guangzhou where there is more community patronage. In contrast, there are more concentrations of North African restaurants in Yiwu than in Guangzhou. We discuss the crucial role food and food-making and eating places play in providing structures and avenues for community bonding to promote community formation and community identity shaping.

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Politics of the Kola Trade: Some Processes of Tribal Community Formation among Migrants in West African Towns

Africa ◽

10.2307/1158126 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 18-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Abner Cohen

Keyword(s):

Traditional Culture ◽

West African ◽

The Other ◽

Community Formation ◽

Tribal Community ◽

Tribal Communities ◽

The One

IntroductionIn his important pioneering study of migrations into Ghana, Rouch makes the observation that different tribal groups of migrants organize themselves differently in the foreign towns to which they migrate. The forms of their organization fall into a continuum between two extremes. At the one end are migrants who form only segmental, temporary, tribal groupings. At the other end are migrants who form autonomous, multi-purposive, tribal communities. Banton makes a similar observation in his study of migrants in Freetown. Neither Rouch nor Banton analyses this difference in detail, though both tend to explain it in terms of differences in tribal traditional culture.

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High prevalence of non-dipping patterns among Black Africans with uncontrolled hypertension: a secondary analysis of the CREOLE trial

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12872-021-02074-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Prossie Merab Ingabire ◽

◽

Dike B. Ojji ◽

Brian Rayner ◽

Elijah Ogola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Uncontrolled Hypertension ◽

African Countries ◽

Night Time ◽

Black Africans ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Black African ◽

High Prevalence

Abstract Background Dipping of blood pressure (BP) at night is a normal physiological phenomenon. However, a non-dipping pattern is associated with hypertension mediated organ damage, secondary forms of hypertension and poorer long-term outcome. Identifying a non-dipping pattern may be useful in assessing risk, aiding the decision to investigate for secondary causes, initiating treatment, assisting decisions on choice and timing of antihypertensive therapy, and intensifying salt restriction. Objectives To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with non-dipping pattern and determine the effect of 6 months of three antihypertensive regimens on the dipping pattern among Black African hypertensive patients. Methods This was a secondary analysis of the CREOLE Study which was a randomized, single blind, three-group trial conducted in 10 sites in 6 Sub-Saharan African countries. The participants were 721 Black African patients, aged between 30 and 79 years, with uncontrolled hypertension and a baseline 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Dipping was calculated from the average day and average night systolic blood pressure measures. Results The prevalence of non-dipping pattern was 78% (564 of 721). Factors that were independently associated with non-dipping were: serum sodium > 140 mmol/l (OR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.17–2.51, p-value 0.005), a higher office systolic BP (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05, p-value 0.003) and a lower office diastolic BP (OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.95–0.99, p-value 0.03). Treatment allocation did not change dipping status at 6 months (McNemar’s Chi2 0.71, p-value 0.40). Conclusion There was a high prevalence of non-dipping among Black Africans with uncontrolled hypertension. ABPM should be considered more routinely in Black Africans with uncontrolled hypertension, if resources permit, to help personalise therapy. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and causes of non-dipping pattern and if targeting night-time BP improves clinical outcomes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02742467).

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Children, Media and Food. A New Paradigm in Food Advertising, Social Marketing and Happiness Management

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18073588 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

pp. 3588

Author(s):

Rodrigo Elías Zambrano ◽

Gloria Jiménez-Marín ◽

Araceli Galiano-Coronil ◽

Rafael Ravina-Ripoll

Keyword(s):

Eating Habits ◽

Self Regulation ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

World Health ◽

New Paradigm ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Food And Beverage ◽

Qualitative Technique ◽

Food And Drink ◽

The One

The growing number of children who are obese or overweight in certain countries or geographical areas is a fact, as evidenced by the continuous studies and reports on the subject, endorsed or carried out by the World Health Organisation and independent research. In this context, food and beverage advertising can contribute to this. The main objective of this research is to evaluate compliance with the Food and Drink Advertising Code for Children (PAOS Code) in Spain and its relationship with nutritional habits on television, specifically on channels aimed at children. The methodology is therefore mixed: on the one hand, a qualitative technique based on discourse analysis and, on the other, a quantitative technique based on the content analysis of the advertising broadcast for seven consecutive days on three specialised channels and two generalist channels on Spanish television. The results reveal a systematic noncompliance with this code, which translates into inadequate eating habits among children. The immediate conclusion is that 9 out of 10 parts of food and drink advertising do not comply with any of the rules of the PAOS Code and that self-regulation by the advertising companies is negligible and insufficient.

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Synthesis and Polymerization Kinetics of Rigid Tricyanate Ester

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13111686 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1686

Author(s):

Andrey Galukhin ◽

Roman Nosov ◽

Ilya Nikolaev ◽

Elena Melnikova ◽

Daut Islamov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Analysis ◽

Single Step ◽

Polymerization Kinetics ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Diffusion Controlled ◽

Polymerization Product ◽

The One ◽

Kinetics Of

A new rigid tricyanate ester consisting of seven conjugated aromatic units is synthesized, and its structure is confirmed by X-ray analysis. This ester undergoes thermally stimulated polymerization in a liquid state. Conventional and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry techniques are employed to study the polymerization kinetics. A transition of polymerization from a kinetic- to a diffusion-controlled regime is detected. Kinetic analysis is performed by combining isoconversional and model-based computations. It demonstrates that polymerization in the kinetically controlled regime of the present monomer can be described as a quasi-single-step, auto-catalytic, process. The diffusion contribution is parameterized by the Fournier model. Kinetic analysis is complemented by characterization of thermal properties of the corresponding polymerization product by means of thermogravimetric and thermomechanical analyses. Overall, the obtained experimental results are consistent with our hypothesis about the relation between the rigidity and functionality of the cyanate ester monomer, on the one hand, and its reactivity and glass transition temperature of the corresponding polymer, on the other hand.

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School-based obesity interventions in the metropolitan area of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil: pooled analysis from five randomised studies

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114521000076 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Renata da R. M. Rodrigues ◽

Bruna K. Hassan ◽

Michele R. Sgambato ◽

Bárbara da S. N. Souza ◽

Diana B. Cunha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Habits ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Pooled Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Intention To Treat ◽

School Year ◽

School Based ◽

Obesity Interventions ◽

The One ◽

And Control

Abstract School-based studies, despite the large number of studies conducted, have reported inconclusive results on obesity prevention. The sample size is a major constraint in such studies by requiring large samples. This pooled analysis overcomes this problem by analysing 5926 students (mean age 11·5 years) from five randomised school-based interventions. These studies focused on encouraging students to change their drinking and eating habits, and physical activities over the one school year, with monthly 1-h sessions in the classroom; culinary class aimed at developing cooking skills to increase healthy eating and attempts to family engagement. Pooled intention-to-treat analysis using linear mixed models accounted for school clusters. Control and intervention groups were balanced at baseline. The overall result was a non-significant change in BMI after one school year of positive changes in behaviours associated with obesity. Estimated mean BMI changed from 19·02 to 19·22 kg/m2 in the control group and from 19·08 to 19·32 kg/m2 in the intervention group (P value of change over time = 0·09). Subgroup analyses among those overweight or with obesity at baseline also did not show differences between intervention and control groups. The percentage of fat measured by bioimpedance indicated a small reduction in the control compared with intervention (P = 0·05). This large pooled analysis showed no effect on obesity measures, although promising results were observed about modifying behaviours associated with obesity.

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Informed Consent: Ezenwa–Ohaeto between Past and Future Uses of Pidgin

Matatu ◽

10.1163/18757421-033001025 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 115-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chantal Zabus

Keyword(s):

Informed Consent ◽

First Language ◽

West African ◽

The Other ◽

Wole Soyinka ◽

The West ◽

West African Coast ◽

African Coast ◽

The 1950S ◽

The One

The essay shows how Ezenwa–Ohaeto's poetry in pidgin, particularly in his collection (1988), emblematizes a linguistic interface between, on the one hand, the pseudo-pidgin of Onitsha Market pamphleteers of the 1950s and 1960s (including in its gendered guise as in Cyprian Ekwensi) and, on the other, its quasicreolized form in contemporary news and television and radio dramas as well as a potential first language. While locating Nigerian Pidgin or EnPi in the wider context of the emergence of pidgins on the West African Coast, the essay also draws on examples from Joyce Cary, Frank Aig–Imoukhuede, Ogali A. Ogali, Ola Rotimi, Wole Soyinka, and Tunde Fatunde among others. It is not by default but out of choice and with their 'informed consent' that EnPi writers such as Ezenwa–Ohaeto contributed to the unfinished plot of the pidgin–creole continuum.

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Congruence pairs of principal MS-algebras and perfect extensions

Mathematica Slovaca ◽

10.1515/ms-2017-0430 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 1275-1288

Author(s):

Abd El-Mohsen Badawy ◽

Miroslav Haviar ◽

Miroslav Ploščica

Keyword(s):

Boolean Algebra ◽

Congruence Lattices ◽

Descriptive Solution ◽

The One ◽

Special Case ◽

Congruence Pair

AbstractThe notion of a congruence pair for principal MS-algebras, simpler than the one given by Beazer for K2-algebras [6], is introduced. It is proved that the congruences of the principal MS-algebras L correspond to the MS-congruence pairs on simpler substructures L°° and D(L) of L that were associated to L in [4].An analogy of a well-known Grätzer’s problem [11: Problem 57] formulated for distributive p-algebras, which asks for a characterization of the congruence lattices in terms of the congruence pairs, is presented here for the principal MS-algebras (Problem 1). Unlike a recent solution to such a problem for the principal p-algebras in [2], it is demonstrated here on the class of principal MS-algebras, that a possible solution to the problem, though not very descriptive, can be simple and elegant.As a step to a more descriptive solution of Problem 1, a special case is then considered when a principal MS-algebra L is a perfect extension of its greatest Stone subalgebra LS. It is shown that this is exactly when de Morgan subalgebra L°° of L is a perfect extension of the Boolean algebra B(L). Two examples illustrating when this special case happens and when it does not are presented.

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Insights into Mechanical Properties of the 1980 Irpinia Fault System from the Analysis of a Seismic Sequence

Geosciences ◽

10.3390/geosciences11010028 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Gaetano Festa ◽

Guido Maria Adinolfi ◽

Alessandro Caruso ◽

Simona Colombelli ◽

Grazia De Landro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Early Warning Systems ◽

Fault System ◽

Minimum Size ◽

Double Difference ◽

Warning Systems ◽

Initiation Mechanism ◽

Earthquake Early Warning Systems ◽

The One

Seismic sequences are a powerful tool to locally infer geometrical and mechanical properties of faults and fault systems. In this study, we provided detailed location and characterization of events of the 3–7 July 2020 Irpinia sequence (southern Italy) that occurred at the northern tip of the main segment that ruptured during the 1980 Irpinia earthquake. Using an autocorrelation technique, we detected more than 340 events within the sequence, with local magnitude ranging between −0.5 and 3.0. We thus provided double difference locations, source parameter estimation, and focal mechanisms determination for the largest quality events. We found that the sequence ruptured an asperity with a size of about 800 m, along a fault structure having a strike compatible with the one of the main segments of the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, and a dip of 50–55° at depth of 10.5–12 km and 60–65° at shallower depths (7.5–9 km). Low stress drop release (average of 0.64 MPa) indicates a fluid-driven initiation mechanism of the sequence. We also evaluated the performance of the earthquake early warning systems running in real-time during the sequence, retrieving a minimum size for the blind zone in the area of about 15 km.

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Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Gold Mining Tailings and Their Potential to Generate Acid Mine Drainage (Minas Gerais, Brazil)

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11010039 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Mariana Lemos ◽

Teresa Valente ◽

Paula Marinho Reis ◽

Rita Fonseca ◽

Itamar Delbem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Mine Drainage ◽

Mine Drainage ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Acid Mine ◽

Fine Grain ◽

Mineralogical Characteristics ◽

Tailing Dams ◽

The One ◽

And Control

For more than 30 years, sulfide gold ores were treated in metallurgic plants located in Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and accumulated in the Cocoruto tailings dam. Both flotation and leaching tailings from a deactivated circuit, as well as roasted and leaching tailings from an ongoing plant, were studied for their acid mine drainage potential and elements’ mobility. Detailed characterization of both tailings types indicates the presence of fine-grain size material hosting substantial amounts of sulfides that exhibit distinct geochemical and mineralogical characteristics. The samples from the ongoing plant show high grades of Fe in the form of oxides, cyanide, and sulfates. Differently, samples from the old circuit shave higher average concentrations of Al (0.88%), Ca (2.4%), Mg (0.96%), and Mn (0.17%), present as silicates and carbonates. These samples also show relics of preserved sulfides, such as pyrite and pyrrhotite. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Au, and As are higher in the tailings of the ongoing circuit, while Cr and Hg stand out in the tailings of the deactivated circuit. Although the obtained results show that the sulfide wastes do not tend to generate acid mine drainage, leaching tests indicate the possibility of mobilization of toxic elements, namely As and Mn in the old circuit, and Sb, As, Fe, Ni, and Se in the tailings of the plant that still works. This work highlights the need for proper management and control of tailing dams even in alkaline drainage environments such as the one of the Cocoruto dam. Furthermore, strong knowledge of the tailings’ dynamics in terms of geochemistry and mineralogy would be pivotal to support long-term decisions on wastes management and disposal.

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Preparation and characterization of tannin-based adhesives reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils for wood bonding

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2020-0033 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Uasmim Lira Zidanes ◽

Matheus Cordazzo Dias ◽

Mário Sérgio Lorenço ◽

Elesandra da Silva Araujo ◽

Maryella Júnnia Ferreira e Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽

Glue Line ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

Thermogravimetric Analyses ◽

Humidity Resistance ◽

Wood Bonding ◽

Toona Ciliata ◽

Solids Content ◽

The One

AbstractAdhesives based on vegetable tannins are already a reality in the market. However, their use is still limited due to their low mechanical resistance and weak humidity resistance. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are being used as reinforcing materials in various composites, resulting in an improvement of mechanical proprieties in general. The objective of this work was to evaluate the incorporation of CNFs in adhesives made of tannins obtained from the Angico tree (Anadenanthera peregrine). Concentrations of nanofibrils at 1, 5, and 10% were added to the adhesives on a dry basis. Tests of viscosity, pH, solids content, and gel time were performed to determine the physical proprieties of the adhesives. The Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectra measurements were also determined to understand the interaction between tannins and CNFs. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out to determine the thermal resistance of the composite. The FTIR and Raman characterization identified some differences in the peaks in the chemical composition of the adhesives with different percentages of CNFs. The adhesives showed no different decomposition in the thermogravimetric analyses. The shear strength in the glue line of the adhesive with 5% of CNFs in Toona ciliata woods was determined. Among all the adhesives analyzed, the one with 5% of CNFs produced an improvement in the mechanical resistance and humidity resistance on the glue line.

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