Neither survival nor accumulation: Marketisation and rural livelihood diversification in northern Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-456
Author(s):  
Minh Chau Lam
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Doi Moi ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Livelihood Options ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Local Term

Building on ethnographic fieldwork in a northern Vietnamese village, this article explores how rural households have negotiated the opportunities and uncertainties of marketisation (Đổi Mới). I focus on the surprising ways local households have handled the state's push to diversify livelihoods and adopt commercial home-based sidelines: by means of being đa gi năng, a local term that means ‘keeping many livelihood options and never putting all eggs in one basket’. In pursuit of đa gi năng, local households have actively adopted home-based production even when they were doing well with paddy farming and faced no subsistence crisis. However, they have evaded what state officials want most: specialising in a single home-production enterprise in rational maximising ways to accumulate transformational wealth. The idea of đa gi năng calls into question two contrasting universal approaches to rural households’ motivations for livelihood diversification: either a desperate search for survival by passive victims of market forces, or a quest for wealth accumulation by rational maximisers without careful judgement of potential risks to one's family.

scholarly journals Saving Strategies of Rural Households in Eastern Bosnia

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Siniša Berjan ◽  
Thi Minh Chau Le ◽  
Hamid El Bilali ◽  
Aziz Abouabdillah ◽  
Noureddin Driouech
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
At Home

Savings are essential for protecting and boosting the assets of rural populations. The paper analyses rural households’ saving strategies in eastern Bosnia. It is based on a secondary data and primary information collected by a questionnaire survey carried out in March 2013 with 147 rural households from nine municipalities in eastern Bosnia. The questionnaire focused on saving purposes; access to various saving means, including formal and semi-formal ones; membership in and management of saving/credit groups; and reasons for using formal money deposits (banks). The formal and semiformal sectors are currently not meeting the demand for financial services of all rural households. Survey results showed that 72.8% of respondents prefer keeping their savings as cash at home. Savings are also kept in form of livestock, precious metals and jewellery or invested in buildings. Access of rural households to appropriate saving services is of paramount importance for rural livelihood diversification in Bosnia. 

scholarly journals Long-run rural livelihood diversification in Kagera, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralitza Dimova ◽  
Sandra Kristine Halvorsen ◽  
Milla Nyyssölä ◽  
Kunal Sen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Health And Development

What drives livelihood diversification among predominantly rural households in developing countries and how can welfare-enhancing patterns be established and sustained in the long run? A large literature has focused on whether income diversification is a means of survival or a means of accumulation, but it remains inconclusive. We first examine the pattern of income diversification for a panel of households in Tanzania from the 1990s—the Kagera Health and Development Survey—with a focus on whether it is primarily driven by survivalist or accumulation motives. We then verify whether this pattern is sustained in the long run using the 2004 wave of the survey while also studying the role that infrastructural improvements and entry into new income generation activities play in the process. Our results support the accumulation hypothesis: richer households engage in more income diversification than poorer households. We also find that the greater diversification of better-off households that was observed in the 1990s persists in 2004. At the same time, households that were originally poorer are found to experience higher incomes by diversifying into off-farm self-employment activities. Factors that explain these improvements include access to a daily market and public transport.

scholarly journals Effect of livelihood diversification on rural households’ poverty reduction in Central Zone of Tigray regional state, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohannes Halefom Gebretsadik ◽  
Berhane Tsegay Teklemariam ◽  
Hailay Nigusie Gebru
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Rural Livelihood

Abstract Rural livelihood diversification studies previously conducted in Ethiopia lack linkages with poverty. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of livelihood diversification on rural households’ poverty reduction. The result of this study revealed that 49.80%, 40.41% and 9.80% of the rural households’ income was generated from: agriculture, both agricultural & non-agricultural and non-agricultural income sources respectively. The mean rural livelihood diversification index (SDI) was 0.38. This low diversification index was a source of vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate changes. The absolute poverty line was calculated 6067.75 Birr/year per adult equivalents. Hence, 39.58% of female-headed households, 30.96% male-headed households and 32.65% of the population were poor. The logistic marginal effect analysis indicated that as the households’ SDI increased by one unit, the probability of being poor was reduced by 0.282 (p<0.01%). To reduce rural households' poverty, diversification of rural livelihood beyond agricultural income sources should be promoted through skill training, saving mobilization, improving access to credit, market information, and rural transport facility. Moreover, an appropriate institutional arrangement should be made for promoting a rural non-farm economy that can be possible by capacitating and extending of the small and micro-enterprises development agency into rural areas.

scholarly journals Accessibility of Rural Life Space on the Jianghan Plain, China: The Role of Livelihood

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1301
Author(s):  
Rongrong Zhuo ◽  
Mark Rosenberg ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Xinwei Guo ◽  
Mingjie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Central China ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Rural Life ◽  
Jianghan Plain ◽  
Life Space ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to contribute to the relationship between accessibility of rural life space and rural livelihood capital and transitions in rural central China. Employing data produced from a household survey, we developed a composite index for accessibility of rural life space incorporating spatial and temporal attributes of a household’s daily activities and then explored the mediation effect of rural livelihood capital and transitions on accessibility. Results revealed a pattern of diversification in terms of life space accessibility undertaken for daily activities across households. Both livelihood capital and transitions had significant mediation effects on the relationship between socio-economic characteristics of rural households and accessibility of rural life space. The effects of livelihood capital on livelihood transitions also influenced the path on rural households’ accessibility of rural life space. One of the implications of this article is to link rural transformation to the context of urbanization and rural access issues from a perspective of daily activity, and then to figure out the best method for rural development policy and service planning.

Payments for environmental services and rural livelihood strategies in Ecuador and Guatemala

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS SOUTHGATE ◽  
TIMOTHY HAAB ◽  
JOHN LUNDINE ◽  
FABIÁN RODRÍGUEZ
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Payments For Environmental Services ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Individual Strategies

ABSTRACTPresented in this paper are the results of two contingent valuation analyses, one undertaken in Ecuador and the other in Guatemala, of potential payments for environmental services (PES) directed toward rural households. We find that minimum compensation demanded by these households is far from uniform, depending in particular on individual strategies for raising incomes and dealing with risks. Our findings strengthen the case for allowing conservation payments to vary among recipients, which would be a departure from the current norm for PES initiatives in Latin America.

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