Research on the Non-Point Source Pollution Characteristics of Important Drinking Water Sources

In recent years, freshwater resource contamination by non-point source pollution has become particularly prominent in China. To control non-point source (NPS) pollution, it is important to estimate NPS pollution exports, identify sources of pollution, and analyze the pollution characteristics. As such, in this study, we established the modified export coefficient model based on rainfall and terrain to investigate the pollution sources and characteristics of non-point source total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) throughout the Huangqian Reservoir watershed—which serves as an important potable water source for the main tributary of the lower Yellow River. The results showed that: (1) In 2018, the non-point source total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads in the Huangqian Reservoir basin were 707.09 t and 114.42 t, respectively. The contribution ratios to TN export were, from high to low, rural life (33.58%), farmland (32.68%), other land use types (20.08%), and livestock and poultry breeding (13.67%). The contribution ratios to TP export were, from high to low, rural life (61.19%), livestock and poultry breeding (21.65%), farmland (12.79%), and other land use types (4.38%). The non-point source pollution primarily originated from the rural life of the water source protection zone. (2) Non-point source TN and TP pollution loads and load intensities showed significantly different spatial distribution patterns throughout the water source protection area. Specifically, their load intensities and loads were the largest in the second-class protected zone, which is the key source area of non-point source pollution. (3) When considering whether to invest in agricultural land fertilizer control or rural domestic sewage, waste, and livestock manure pollution control, the latter is demonstrably more effective. Thus, in addition to putting low-grade control on agricultural fertilizer loss, to rapidly and effectively improve potable water quality, non-point source pollution should, to a larger extent, also be controlled through measures such as establishing household biogas digesters, introducing village sewage treatment plants, and improving the recovery rate of rural domestic garbage. The research results discussed herein provide a theoretical basis for formulating a reasonable and effective protection plan for the Huangqian Reservoir water source and can potentially be used to do the same for other similar freshwater resources.

Johann Georg Zimmermann’s Therapeutics of Solitude in the German Enlightenment

This essay charts the German eighteenth-century physician and writer Johann Georg Zimmermann’s monumental work on solitude. The essay draws on but also challenges recent historiography on two counts. First, it situates Zimmermann’s discourse on solitude in the context of the early modern cultura animi tradition, in which philosophy provided a cure for a soul perceived as diseased and perturbed by passion and desire. Placed in this context, solitude comes into view not primarily as a passive state of rest and tranquillity connected to the rural life, but as active, therapeutic and exercise-oriented work on the self. Second, it argues that Zimmermann also shaped his discourse in relation to the increasingly radical late eighteenth-century exploration of subjectivity and selfhood, an exploration that reflects the emergence of the modern conception of the unique individual and autonomous self.

Non-point source pollution loads estimation in Three Gorges Reservoir Area based on improved observation experiment and export coefficient model

The non-point source (NPS) pollution has become an important limitation to the sustainable development of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) water resources. NPS load estimation research has theoretical and realistic significance for water environment security and water pollution control. Therefore, The TGRA was chosen to be as the study area, and the export coefficients of different land-use type were calculated through literature consultation method combined with improved observation experiment. The load of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of NPS from different pollution sources including farmland, decentralized livestock and poultry breeding and domestic pollution sources were estimated. The results are shown as follows: the order of TN load of different sources in TGRA from high to low was land use, livestock and poultry breeding, rural life,the TN from land use was 372% higher than that of rural; the order of TP load of different sources in TGRA from high to low was livestock and poultry breeding, rural life, land use, the TP from livestock and poultry breeding was 114.5% higher than that of land use. Therefore, the control of the livestock and poultry sewage discharge was the key practice to limit the TP loss, while the optimization of agricultural management was the key practice to control the loss of TN.

Taskscapes, Landscapes, and the Politics of Agricultural Production in Roman Mosaics

In recent years archaeologists have put forward explanations of the design and impact of mythological and allegorical scenes in mosaics as part of elite Roman visual culture. While scenes of labor have served as evidence to accompany archaeological data on rural life, depictions of labor have received comparatively less attention as part of Roman ideological structures. Through an analysis of mosaics of the imperial period, this article demonstrates the value of adapting Timothy Ingold’s concept of taskscape for understanding the elite strategies of cultural hegemony underlying depictions of agricultural work in Roman art and showcases an approach to the Roman economy rooted in this particular body of anthropological theory. Elites used a set of visual strategies, Roman taskscape features, to promote their ongoing control over agricultural production, a strategy that endured across the Roman world for generations.

“Dictionary-Encyclopedia” as a Type of Amateur Dialect Dictionary (Dictionary of Bakal Town Dialect by B. P. Plaksin)

A comprehensive description of one of the types of amateur dialect dictionaries, namely the “dictionary-encyclopedia”, is carried out. As a material for the analysis, a dictionary of the dialect of the Bakal town of the Chelyabinsk region, compiled by Boris Petrovich Plaksin (the volume of the dictionary is about 4000 words) was selected. The results of the analysis of the thematic, stylistic belonging of the vocabulary constituting the vocabulary of Plaksin’s dictionary are presented. It is shown that a significant part of the dictionary is made up of dialectal linguistic facts (as well as common and colloquial vocabulary and phraseology, which the author qualifies as local) of the thematic groups “Rural life”, “Economy”, “Human characteristics”, “Professional activities”, etc. It is emphasized that a vast layer of dialectal and national facts given in the dictionary is the vocabulary and phraseology of traditional folk culture, church terminology and vocabulary of the Old Believers, as well as designations of the realities of various historical eras. It is concluded that B. P. Plaksin chooses a strategy of value-historical selection of vocabulary and includes in his dictionary the vocabulary of various cultural and historical layers, focusing on the various sources available to him on Russian history, traditional rituals, historical facts, etc.

ОСНОВНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО СІЛЬСЬКОГО РОЗВИТКУ ПІВНІЧНОГО РЕГІОНУ

The prevailing sectoral approach based on agrarian-industrial policy, to the detriment of the socio-spatial direction of the development of rural areas, is ineffective from a social point of view. More correct is an integrated approach, within which rural development is viewed as a process of improving the life of people directly related to the use of land and other biological resources included in the system of geographical division of labor and corresponding social relations. The purpose of the article is to consider the development of rural areas based on a combination of socio-territorial and sectoral approaches. The object of the research is the countryside of the Komi Republic. The example of Komi is interesting in that rural life in the taiga part of its territory has features characteristic of many thoroughly inhabited regions of the North-West, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, and in the extreme northern part (forest-tundra and tundra) - the western sector of the Arctic. The subject of the research is socio-economic processes in the northern village. Analytical, historical, statistical, logical, comparative methods were used as research methods. The main hypothesis of the study was the revival of rural life as a social process, the management of which cannot be carried out only within the framework of the production sector approach. Highlighting the development of rural areas and the agrarian sector as an object of comprehensive research will improve the quality and standard of living of rural residents. Presentation of the main material. New approaches to rural development are considered, including the transition from the exogenous-sectoral model to both endogenous and neo-endogenous. The impossibility of solving numerous problems of rural areas in the sectoral model of their development is shown. Originality and practical significance of the study. A significant disagreement in the domestic practice of rural development between sectoral and socio-spatial development has been established. The role of the rural economy in the development of the village is investigated, directions of its diversification are proposed. Conclusions and prospects for further research. The obtained results of the study can become the basis for the preparation of Strategies and Programs for the sustainable development of rural areas and its economic entities at the level of the region and municipalities.

ECOAMBIGUITY AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN CONTEMPORARY VIETNAM – CASE STUDY OF AN ETHNIC KHMER VILLAGE IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM

Many development projects in Vietnam today, including tourism, are partially focused on ecology. However, the mentality of cultivating for later gains is still popular. In addition to the goal of creating opportunities to benefit local communities, this development discourse conveys a sense of ‘ecoambiguity’. This study mainly applies the concept of "ecoambiguity" of Thornber (2012) to discuss the current situation and impact of tourism activities in the Khmer community around Bà Om Pond in Trà Vinh, Vietnam. Unlike previous works that discussed the beauty and value of Khmer religion, temples, rural life, festivals, and art, this research argues that people-centered policies have never enabled people to achieve their goals.

Gossip and Addiction Recovery in Rural Communities

Features of rural life, such as low population density and greater distances from urban areas, could worsen the prospects of addiction recovery for rural residents. Gossip is a central feature of rural life, and studies have shown that being the target of it can worsen health and well-being. However, no previous study has focused on the impact of gossip on addiction in rural communities. The current study employed semi-structured interviews with individuals in recovery, as well as addiction providers, to create a conceptual model of the relationship between gossip and addiction recovery in a rural region of Minnesota. The conceptual model depicted a bi-directional relationship between the individual and the community and suggested that gossip transforms from negative to positive over the course of addiction, early recovery, and long-term recovery. These data demonstrate that education at both the community and individual levels could support the transition to long-term recovery.