Further Investigation upon the Water Movements in the English Channel. Drift-Bottle Experiments in the Summers of 1927, 1928 and 1929, with Critical Notes on Drift-Bottle Experiments in General.

In July–August of three different years common surface-floating bottles were set adrift at International Station E2 (49° 27' N.—4° 42' W.). With them, various types of drag-fitted bottles were also put out. The journeys accomplished are discussed, and the striking differences as between year and year in the case of the common surface floaters, and as between the different types in the same year, are commented upon in the light of the prevailing winds. An inter-relationship of great simplicity is deduced between wind speed and the rate of travel of simple surface floating bottles up-Channel and across the North Sea from the results of experiments carried out in four different summers.

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Temperature, Salinity and Plankton in the Eastern North Atlantic and Coastal Waters of Britain, 1957.: I. The Characterisation and Distribution of Surface Waters

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f63-052 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 789-826 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

B. McK. Bary

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Water Bodies ◽

English Channel ◽

Oceanic Water ◽

Climatic Fluctuations ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

Eastern North Atlantic

Monthly temperature-salinity diagrams for 1957 have demonstrated that three surface oceanic "water bodies" were consistently present in the eastern North Atlantic; two are regarded as modified North Atlantic Central water which give rise to the third by mixing. As well in the oceanic areas, large and small, high or low salinity patches of water were common. Effects of seasonal climatic fluctuations differed in the several oceanic water bodies. In coastal waters, differences in properties and in seasonal and annual cycles of the properties distinguish the waters from the North Sea, English Channel and the western entrance to the Channel.The geographic distributions of the oceanic waters are consistent with "northern" and "southern" water bodies mixing to form a "transitional" water. Within this distribution there are short-term changes in boundaries and long-term (seasonal) changes in size of the water bodies.Water in the western approaches to the English Channel appeared to be influenced chiefly by the mixed, oceanic transitional water; oceanic influences in the North Sea appear to have been from northern and transitional waters.

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Determinacy of fecundity in sole (Solea solea) from the Bristol Channel

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400059075 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 803-813 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

J. W. Horwood ◽

M. Greer Walker

Keyword(s):

Bay Of Biscay ◽

English Channel ◽

Potential Fecundity ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

The North ◽

Size Frequency ◽

Solea Solea ◽

The North Sea ◽

The Common ◽

Common Sole

Ovaries of the common sole (Solea solea (Linnaeus)) were collected prior to, or at the beginning of, spawning from the spawning grounds in the Bristol Channel. Size frequency distributions of oocytes over 100 μm are presented. They clearly show a break in the size frequency distributions, at about 170 μm, indicating that the production of new oocytes to be spawned that season had ceased. It indicates that the sole is a determinate spawner and that, at least for this population, an annual potential fecundity can be measured. Estimated annual fecundity at length of Bristol Channel sole is calculated, and values are compared with those found for sole from the North Sea, eastern English Channel and the Bay of Biscay.

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What can idealized storm surge simulations tell us about worst case scenarios?

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-12284 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elin Andrée ◽

Jian Su ◽

Martin Drews ◽

Morten Andreas Dahl Larsen ◽

Asger Bendix Hansen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Sea Level ◽

North Sea ◽

Wind Direction ◽

Water Levels ◽

Sea Levels ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

Sea Coast ◽

North Sea Coast

The potential impacts of extreme sea level events are becoming more apparent to the public and policy makers alike. As the magnitude of these events are expected to increase due to climate change, and increased coastal urbanization results in ever increasing stakes in the coastal zones, the need for risk assessments is growing too.The physical conditions that generate extreme sea levels are highly dependent on site specific conditions, such as bathymetry, tidal regime, wind fetch and the shape of the coastline. For a low-lying country like Denmark, which consists of a peninsula and islands that partition off the semi-enclosed Baltic Sea from the North Sea, a better understanding of how the local sea level responds to wind forcing is urgently called for.We here present a map for Denmark that shows the most efficient wind directions for generating extreme sea levels, for a total of 70 locations distributed all over the country&#8217;s coastlines. The maps are produced by conducting simulations with a high resolution, 3D-ocean model, which is used for operational storm surge modelling at the Danish Meteorological Institute. We force the model with idealized wind fields that maintain a fixed wind speed and wind direction over the entire model domain. Simulations are conducted for one wind speed and one wind direction at a time, generating ensembles of a set of wind directions for a fixed wind speed, as well as a set of wind speeds for a fixed wind direction, respectively.For each wind direction, we find that the maximum water level at a given location increases linearly with the wind speed, and the slope values show clear spatial patterns, for example distinguishing the Danish southern North Sea coast from the central or northern North Sea Coast. The slope values are highest along the southwestern North Sea coast, where the passage of North Atlantic low pressure systems over the shallow North Sea, as well as the large tidal range, result in a much larger range of variability than in the more sheltered Inner Danish Waters. However, in our simulations the large fetch of the Baltic Sea, in combination with the funneling effect of the Danish Straits, result in almost as high water levels as along the North Sea coast.Although the wind forcing is completely synthetic with no spatial and temporal structure of a real storm, this idealized approach allows us to systematically investigate the sea level response at the boundaries of what is physically plausible. We evaluate the results from these simulations by comparison to peak water levels from a 58 year long, high resolution ocean hindcast, with promising agreement.

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1.—The Competitors and the Result

Aeronautical journal (London England 1897) ◽

10.1017/s2398187300146730 ◽

1906 ◽

Vol 10 (40) ◽

pp. 50-51

Keyword(s):

Great Britain ◽

North Sea ◽

English Channel ◽

Long Distance ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

The Way

No fewer than seven nations tried to win the Gordon Bennett Cup in the race which started from the Tuileries Gardens, in Paris, on September 30th. But the wind was in an unfavourable direction for the accomplishment of a long distance record. To some, the English Channel barred the way, to some, the North Sea.The cup offered for the greatest distance covered has been accorded to the American aeronaut, Mr. Frank P. Lahm, who descended 15 miles north of Scarborough.It will be seen in another part of this Journal that in December next, Members of the Aëronautical Society of Great Britain will hear an account of the Gordon-Bennett race from Colonel J. E. Capper, who took part in the race, having accompanied Mr. Rolls in the “ Britannia.” In this account, therefore, it will suffice to merely tabulate the competitors and results.

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Thinlip grey mullet Liza ramada (Mugilidae) caught in a

Fauna norvegica ◽

10.5324/fn.v26i0.571 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

Author(s):

Bror Jonsson ◽

Nina Jonsson

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

Total Mass ◽

First Year ◽

English Channel ◽

Grey Mullet ◽

Font Size ◽

Growth Season ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

First Year Of Life

Two individuals of thinlip grey mullet Liza ramada were collected in a southern Norwegian brook (58° 22’ N, 8° 37’ E) on 12th September 2007. The fish were 8.7 and 9.0 cm in total length, 6 and 7 g in total mass, and most probably in their first year of life. The nearest known spawning area of the species is south of the English Channel, meaning that they had probably moved at least 900 km across the North Sea during their first growth season. To our knowledge, this is the first published observation of the catadromous thinlip grey mullet from a Scandinavian freshwater course.

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Investigations Upon the Water Movements in the English Channel. Summer, 1924

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400058410 ◽

1927 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 685-721 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. N. Carruthers

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

English Channel ◽

Average Speed ◽

Southern North Sea ◽

The North ◽

Westerly Winds ◽

The North Sea

In July, 1924, 250 floating, and an equal number of bottom-trailing, bottles were put out at selected places in the western English Channel. Fifty of each type were put out at each of the two routine Stations E2 and E3, and the same number was “liberated” at each of three selected stretches along the steamship route from Southampton to St. Malo. Those surface bottles, which did not strand locally, travelled rapidly up Channel towards the North Sea and across it. Many bottles arrived in the Skager-Rack after performing their journey of some 700 miles at the rate of 6 miles a day and more. An adequate study of wind conditions, as recorded at several stations along the length of the Channel and at one station in the southern North Sea, revealed the fact that there was, for some 5½ months (counting from the time of liberation of the bottles), an almost uninterrupted predominance of south-westerly winds—as recorded at all stations considered. The whole area of the Channel was swept by south-westerly winds of average speed of some 9 miles a day for at least 5½ months subsequent to the time of putting out of the bottles. July, 1924, had (according to the Falmouth Observatory records) the largest proportion of westerly winds experienced for 54 years; 20 days of this month had winds with westerly components. The association of the unusually persistent westerly winds with the rapid travel of surface bottles towards and across the North Sea is interesting.

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Emergency Towing: Field Exercises and Simulator-Based Training

Volume 2: Structures, Safety and Reliability ◽

10.1115/omae2008-57318 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Tor E. Berg ◽

Gunnar Gudmundset ◽

Ulf Klevstad

Keyword(s):

Emergency Response ◽

North Sea ◽

Offshore Structures ◽

Coastal Environment ◽

Traffic Density ◽

Functional Requirements ◽

Northern Norway ◽

The North ◽

Different Types ◽

The North Sea

Recently there have been a number of incidents involving drifting ships and offshore structures in the North Sea. Increasing traffic density combined with harsher weather and less experienced crews has led the Norwegian Coastal Administration to focus on improving the skills of personnel on board emergency response vessels operating off the coast of Northern Norway. This is order to reduce the consequences of incidents with disabled vessels sailing in the vulnerable coastal environment of the Norwegian and Barents Seas. In addition to field exercises involving dedicated Norwegian emergency response vessels and different types of vessels made available by shipping companies, training takes place on full mission bridge simulators. As part of an ongoing R&D project, MARINTEK and SMS invite stakeholders to participate in short workshops on topics related to the specification of functional requirements for emergency towing vessels and the sharing of experience from recent emergency towing operations.

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The Oceanographic and Biological Tidal Cycle Succession in Shallow Sea Fronts in the North Sea and the English Channel

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science ◽

10.1006/ecss.1994.1017 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 249-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Fl.Bo Pedersen

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

Tidal Cycle ◽

English Channel ◽

Shallow Sea ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea

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Distribution of eukaryotic plankton in the English Channel and the North Sea in summer

Journal of Sea Research ◽

10.1016/j.seares.2011.05.004 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 111-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Sylvie Masquelier ◽

Elodie Foulon ◽

Fabien Jouenne ◽

Martial Ferréol ◽

Corina P.D. Brussaard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

English Channel ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea

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Calcareous nannoplankton and the age of the Globigerina silts of the western approaches of the English Channel

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s0016756800038711 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 111 (4) ◽

pp. 303-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. Martini

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Ocean ◽

North Sea ◽

English Channel ◽

Calcareous Nannoplankton ◽

Northern Germany ◽

Lower Miocene ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea

SummaryCalcareous nannoplankton from the Globigerina silts of the western approaches of the English Channel indicate the presence of standard nannoplankton zones NN2, NN 4 and NN 5, part of which can be correlated with Neogene beds in Belgium and Northern Germany. The calcareous nannoplankton support the possibility of a connexion between the North Sea Basin and the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel during part of the Lower Miocene.

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