Regeneration in calcareous sponges (Porifera)

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Padua ◽  
M. Klautau
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Regeneration Capacity ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Calcareous Sponges ◽  
Calcareous Sponge

Wounds caused by predation and/or physical disturbances to sessile marine animals are common. Consequently, these organisms had to develop strategies to endure such injuries and survive in such a dynamic environment. Sponges are known to possess one of the greatest capacities of regeneration among living metazoans, but this feature has been largely studied only in Demospongiae. In Calcarea, very few species have been investigated. Hence, we analysed the regeneration and speed rates from two regions (osculum and choanosome) of the body of a calcareous sponge: Ernstia sp. Only the osculum regenerated until the end of the experiment, while the choanosome simply cicatrized. Calcareous sponges seem to have a polarized regeneration closely related to their external morphology and level of individuality and integration. A brief review of the regeneration capacity in Calcarea is presented.

The Effect of Head Tilt on Perception of Self-Orientation While in a Greater than One G Environment

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Tamara L. Chelette ◽  
Eric J. Martin ◽  
William B. Albery
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Nonlinear Function ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Haptic Information ◽  
Perception Of Self ◽  
Constant Head

The effect of head tilt on the perception of self-orientation while in a greater than one G environment was studied in nine subjects using the Armstrong Laboratory Dynamic Environment Simulator. After a 12-s stabilization period at a constant head tilt and G level, subjects reported their perception of the horizon by placing their right hand in a position they believed to be horizontal. Head tilt conditions ranged from -30° to +45° pitch over each of three head yaw positions. G levels ranged from one to four and were in the longitudinal axis of the body (Gz). Hand position was recorded in both the pitch and roll body axes. A function of head tilt did improve the fit of a multiple regression model to the collected data in both the pitch and roll axes (P < .05). The best fit was accomplished with a nonlinear function of G and head pitch. When the head remained level but the environment tilted with respect to the G vector (at angles similar to those perceived during head tilt), subjects accurately reported the environmental tilt. Head tilt under G can result in vestibular-based illusionary perception of environmental tilt. Actual environmental tilt is accurately perceived due to added channels of haptic information.

scholarly journals VI.—The Body-Temperature of Fishes and other Marine Animals.

1908 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 66-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutherland Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
The Body ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
First Year ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Image Position

SUMMARYThe body-temperature of the following fishes, crustaceans, and echinoderms has been examined and compared with the temperature of the water in which they live:—Cod-fish (Gadus morrhua), ling (Molva vulgaris), torsk (Brosmius brosme), coal-fish or saithe (Gadus virens), haddock (Gadus œgelfinus), flounder (Pleuronectes flesus), smelt (Osmerus eperlanus), dog-fish (Scyllium catulus), shore crab (Carcinus mœnas), edible crab (Cancer pagurus), lobster (Homarus vulgaris), sea-urchin (Echinus esculentus), and starfish (Asterias rubens). The minimum, maximum, and mean temperature difference for each species are given in the following table:—The excess of temperature is most evident in the larger specimens. This is well shown in the case of the coal-fish, where in the adult it was 0°·7 C., and in the great majority (11 out of 12) of the young of the first year, 0°·0 C. The body-weight and the conditions under which the fish are captured probably form the most important factors in determining the temperature difference.In 14 codfish, where the rectal, blood, and muscle temperatures were recorded in the same individual, it was found to be highest in the muscle and lowest in the rectum, the mean temperature difference being 0°·46 C. for the muscle, 0°·41 C for the blood, and 0°·36 C. for the rectum.

scholarly journals Cranial and External Morphology of Male and Female Orange Headed Tree Squirrels (Funisciurus leucogenys) in Selected Locations of Savannah Forest in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. O. Bamidele ◽  
A. I. Akinpelu
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Female Specimen ◽  
Vegetation Zone ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Tree ◽  
Tree Squirrels ◽  
Tree Squirrel ◽  
Body Parameters

This study examined the differences in cranial and external morphology of male and female tree squirrel species (Funisciurus leucogenys) from three different locations in Savannah vegetation zone of Nigeria. The tree squirrels were collected from contracted local hunters which identify the tree squirrel. After collection and identification to the generic level, they were transferred to the laboratory in absolute ethanol. About 183 skulls were prepared (58 male and 125 female), the skull and other body parameters were measured using digital venire calliper. The results showed that the body parameters (HBL, TL, TBL, EL, HFL, and BW) of the female specimen measured were different from male and the body parameters of the specimen from one location were slightly different from another. Also, the cranial measure showed some similarities and slight differences between male and female specimen among the locations (Asejire, Ilorin, and Ogbomosho). In conclusion, the cranial and body morphology parameters of male and female tree squirrels from the three locations (Asejire, Ilorin, and Ogbomosho) showed that despite that the tree squirrels were from different locations, they were of the same genus (F. leucogeny), which indicated that locations might not have an effect on the specimen.

Trimethylamine oxide accumulation in marine animals: relationship to acylglycerol storagej

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad A. Seibel ◽  
Patrick J. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Trimethylamine Oxide ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Compatible Osmolyte ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

SUMMARY Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is a common and compatible osmolyte in muscle tissues of marine organisms that is often credited with counteracting protein-destabilizing forces. However, the origin and synthetic pathways of TMAO are actively debated. Here, we examine the distribution of TMAO in marine animals and report a correlation between TMAO and acylglycerol storage. We put forward the hypothesis that TMAO is derived, at least in part, from the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, endogenous or dietary, for storage as diacylglycerol ethers and triacylglycerols. TMAO is synthesized from the trimethylammonium moiety of choline, thus released, and is retained as a compatible solute in concentrations reflecting the amount of lipid stored in the body. A variation on this theme is proposed for sharks.

scholarly journals 3D Perfusable Hydrogel Recapitulating the Cancer Dynamic Environment to in Vitro Investigate Metastatic Colonization

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2467
Author(s):  
Chiara Vitale ◽  
Arianna Fedi ◽  
Alessandra Marrella ◽  
Gabriele Varani ◽  
Marco Fato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Polymeric Matrix ◽  
The Body ◽  
Secondary Site ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Metastatic Cascade

Metastasis is a dynamic process involving the dissemination of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) through blood flow to distant tissues within the body. Nevertheless, the development of an in vitro platform that dissects the crucial steps of metastatic cascade still remains a challenge. We here developed an in vitro model of extravasation composed of (i) a single channel-based 3D cell laden hydrogel representative of the metastatic site, (ii) a circulation system recapitulating the bloodstream where CTCs can flow. Two polymers (i.e., fibrin and alginate) were tested and compared in terms of mechanical and biochemical proprieties. Computational fluid-dynamic (CFD) simulations were also performed to predict the fluid dynamics within the polymeric matrix and, consequently, the optimal culture conditions. Next, once the platform was validated through perfusion tests by fluidically connecting the hydrogels with the external circuit, highly metastatic breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) were injected and exposed to physiological wall shear stress (WSS) conditions (5 Dyn/cm2) to assess their migration toward the hydrogel. Results indicated that CTCs arrested and colonized the polymeric matrix, showing that this platform can be an effective fluidic system to model the first steps occurring during the metastatic cascade as well as a potential tool to in vitro elucidate the contribution of hemodynamics on cancer dissemination to a secondary site.

Description, microhabitat and temporal distribution of the tadpole of Proceratophrys tupinamba Prado and Pombal, 2008

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2684 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEDRO FATORELLI ◽  
PAULO N. COSTA ◽  
RAFAEL C. LAIA ◽  
MARLON ALMEIDA-SANTOS ◽  
MONIQUE VAN SLUYS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Monthly Rainfall ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Body Proportion ◽  
Average Monthly Rainfall

We present a description of the external morphology of the tadpoles of Proceratophrys tupinamba, and provide information on its temporal distribution and microhabitat use. Proceratophrys tupinamba differs from other larvae of species in the genus Proceratophrys described by the tooth row, which is similar to that of P. appendiculata. Comparing our description to the description of P. appendiculata, some differences are observed in the body proportion. Tadpoles were most abundant during the wet season (October-March), and it was positively related with average monthly rainfall. Tadpoles of P. tupinamba are benthonic and occur more often in lentic portions of the stream. They were found most frequently exposed on the sand, which also represented the most available microhabitat among those sampled in the stream studied.

A Cumulative Species Description Curve For Large Open Water Marine Animals

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1389-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G.M. Paxton
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Species Description ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Field Workers ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
One New Species

A cumulative species description curve (from 1830 to 1995) is given for open water marine fauna in excess of 2 m long in the major axis of the body. This curve has not yet closely approached its asymptote. Estimation by maximum likelihood fit of a hyperbola suggests a maximum of some 47 species awaiting formal scientific description and an approximate current rate of description of one new species every 5·3 years. Consideration of the most recently described species and recent observations by field workers suggests that any imminent species descriptions are most likely to be cetaceans.

Two new genera of geoplaninid land planarians (Platyhelminthes : Tricladida : Terricola) of Brazil in the light of cephalic specialisations

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Carbayo ◽  
A. M. Leal-Zanchet
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Cephalic Region ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Retractor Muscle ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
A New Species

Two new genera of geoplaninid land planarians are described. Cephalic specialisations, mainly external morphology and musculature development, partially define each genus. Cephaloflexa, gen. nov. shows some peculiar characteristics, such as a gradual narrowing of the anterior third of the body and an upwards roll of the anterior tip, the absence of eyes and sensory pits on the apex, and the existence of a retractor muscle derived from the ventral cutaneous longitudinal musculature. Geoplana bergi Graff, 1899 is allocated to Cephaloflexa and is designated as the type species. The ventral cutaneous longitudinal muscles of Supramontana, gen. nov. (monotypic), are partially sunk into the mesenchyme, thus constituting a cephalic retractor muscle. A new species of each genus is also described. The external morphology and anatomy of the cephalic region of the new genera and of Geoplana Stimpson, 1857, Choeradoplana Graff, 1896 and Issoca C. G. Froehlich, 1955 are analysed. Emendations to the diagnoses of Issoca and Choeradoplana are proposed based on cephalic differentiations. Spanish abstractSe decriben Cephaloflexa, gen. nov. y Supramontana, gen. nov., dos nuevos géneros de planarias terrrestres de la subfamilia Geoplaninae, ambos caracterizados por especializaciones cefálicas, como la morfología externa y el desarrollo muscular. Se describe una nueva especie de cada género. Se transfiere Geoplana bergi Graff, 1899 para el género Cephaloflexa y se la designa especie tipo. Cephaloflexa, gen. nov. presenta características peculiares, como el tercio anterior del cuerpo muy fino, región anterior enrollada hacia el dorso, ausencia de ojos y fosetas sensoriales en el ápice anterior del cuerpo, y un músculo retractor derivado de la musculatura subcutánea longitudinal ventral. Supramontana, gen. nov., género monotípico, tiene parte de la musculatura subcutánea longitudinal ventral hundida en el mesénquima y transformada en la región anterior en un músculo retractor cefálico. Se analiza la morfología externa y la anatomía de la región cefálica de Geoplana Stimpson, 1857, Choeradoplana Graff, 1896 e Issoca Froehlich, 1955 y se proponen enmiendas a las diagnosis de Choeradoplana e Issoca basadas en las diferenciaciones cefálicas.

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