scholarly journals Gorillas in the midst: the impact of armed conflict on the conservation of protected areas in sub-Saharan Africa

Oryx ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Glew ◽  
M.D. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Joint Consideration ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe frequently anecdotal nature of evidence concerning the impact of warfare on conservation poses numerous problems and there have been calls to apply a strict set of conditions to such data to improve the rigor of scientific analysis in this field. To illustrate the difficulties, however, of applying strict quantitative conditions on such data a deterministic model of conflict-linked deforestation in sub-Saharan Africa was constructed and the implications of the model discussed. Our model indicates that from 1990–2005 approximately 35,000 ha of timber have been used to support officially recorded UN refugees in this region: this is a continuing impact, albeit quantified using data with some potential error. An alternative semi-quantitative approach was also used, with reported environmental impacts of conflict assessed for reliability and severity using a number of empirical criteria. Data focusing on the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda were subsequently analysed using this framework. Illegal resource exploitation was identified as the primary impact resulting from conflict and, in some instances, a driver of the hostilities. From the joint consideration of the conflict and post-conflict phases such exploitation is concluded to be the product of lawlessness and anarchy generated by violent uprisings rather than violence per se. As such, armed conflict does not pose a novel threat to protected areas but rather amplifies threats extant during peace, creating a need for appropriate responses by those involved in conservation management. With both the occurrence and violence of conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa increasing, the impacts of warfare are pertinent to both the immediate and long-term management of biological resources in the region.

Delivering water services during protracted armed conflicts: How development agencies can overcome barriers to collaboration with humanitarian actors

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (912) ◽  
pp. 1067-1089
Author(s):  
Edoardo Borgomeo
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Emergency Relief ◽  
Organizational Goals ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Development Agencies ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractThis note discusses the challenges of water service delivery before, during and after protracted armed conflict, focusing on barriers that may impede successful transition from emergency to development interventions. The barriers are grouped according to three major contributing factors (three “C”s): culture (organizational goals and procedures), cash (financing practices) and capacity (know-how). By way of examples, the note explores ways in which development agencies can overcome these barriers during the three phases of a protracted armed conflict, using examples of World Bank projects and experiences in the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. Before the crisis, development agencies need to work to prevent armed conflict. In a situation of active armed conflict or when conflict escalates, development agencies need to remain engaged as much as possible, as this will speed up post-conflict recovery. When conflict subsides, development agencies need to balance the relative effort placed on providing urgently needed emergency relief and water supply and sanitation services with the effort placed on re-establishing sector oversight roles and capacity of local institutions to oversee and manage service delivery in the long term.

African conflicts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Lee
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
Rwandan Genocide ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Societal Norms ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

The chapter investigates the experience of children born of war in late 20th century sub-Saharan Africa by exploring the fate of children conceived during the Rwandan genocide and the children born of forced conjugal associations during the LRA war in Northern Uganda. Using extensive fieldwork in Northern Uganda, the analysis focusses on the impact of the ethnic undertones of the conflicts and the role of kinship in determining what guides the integration of CBOW into volatile post-conflict societies. It reflects on the gendered societal norms and their role in shaping the communities into which CBOW and their mothers have to settle and explores healing mechanisms and their limitations for affected children.

scholarly journals The impact of armed conflict on protected-area efficacy in Central Africa

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel de Merode ◽  
Kes Hillman Smith ◽  
Katherine Homewood ◽  
Richard Pettifor ◽  
Marcus Rowcliffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bushmeat Hunting

What determines the vulnerability of protected areas, a fundamental component of biodiversity conservation, to political instability and warfare? We investigated the efficacy of park protection at Garamba National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo) before, during and after a period of armed conflict. Previous analysis has shown that bushmeat hunting in the park increased fivefold during the conflict, but then declined, in conjunction with changes in the sociopolitical structures (social institutions) that controlled the local bushmeat trade. We used park patrol records to investigate whether these changes were facilitated by a disruption to anti-poaching patrols. Contrary to expectation, anti-poaching patrols remained frequent during the conflict (as bushmeat offtake increased) and decreased afterwards (when bushmeat hunting also declined). These results indicate that bushmeat extraction was determined primarily by the social institutions. Although we found a demonstrable effect of anti-poaching patrols on hunting pressure, even a fourfold increase in patrol frequency would have been insufficient to cope with wartime poaching levels. Thus, anti-poaching patrols alone may not always be the most cost-effective means of managing protected areas, and protected-area efficacy might be enhanced by also working with those institutions that already play a role in regulating local natural-resource use.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE BANKS IN RURAL AREAS OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 80-90
Author(s):  
Isabelle Musanganya ◽  
Chantal Nyinawumuntu ◽  
Pauline Nyirahagenimana
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

Many researchers consider microfinance as a tool for poverty reduction. Even more, especially in post-conflict African countries, micro-financial institutions are seen as an opportunity of reconciliation. Lending from microfinance institutions to that from traditional banks and examine their respective effects upon economic growth has been practiced in some sub-Saharan countries. Considerable progress in research has been found that microfinance loans raise growth comparatively to that of traditional banks. A lot of number of researches carried out in sub-Saharan countries even in other developing countries outside of Africa did not find strong evidence that bank loans raise growth. There is, however, some evidence that bank loans do increase investment, whereas microfinance loans do not appear to do so. Differently, other researchers highlighted clearly that microfinance can provide its contribution on poverty reduction and better access to finance needed for startup micro-entrepreneurs along the world. These results suggest that microfinance loans are not primarily invested as physical capital in developing countries, but could still augment total factor productivity, whereas banks may have been financing non-productive investments. Herein, we highlighted the impact of microfinance banks on developing countries economic growth. We also indicate how microfinances system incorporated in rural areas boosted the lifestyle of poor people in Sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Land Grabbing in Sub Saharan Africa. A Human Rights Framework to address State and Extraterritorial Obligations: The case of China in the D. R. of the Congo

2017 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Ute Reisinger
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Land Grabbing ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Local Livelihoods ◽  
Land Grabs ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

<p>The size and duration of land grabs in Sub Saharan Africa are of dimensions never seen before. This work aims at using human rights as a tool to address the impact of land grabbing on local livelihoods. Findings suggest that land grabs serve the interests of investing governments entailing direct or indirect state involvement. In the majority of cases investments are characterised by a lack of transparency and participation of local populations. Land grabs cause loss of access to land and resources leaving people unable to feed themselves. At the same time those affected have no voice to demand justice. This article explores the obligations of host states under economic, social and cultural rights and examines extraterritorial obligations of investing states. The findings are applied to a case study of a Chinese investment in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The author argues that a human rights approach does not leave space for land grabs.</p><p><strong>Published online</strong>: 11 December 2017</p>

Conflicts in Biafra, Katanga and Cabinda as a result of the geopolitical legacy of colonialism

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 238-246
Author(s):  
Olga Dzhenchakova
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

The article considers the impact of the colonial past of some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and its effect on their development during the post-colonial period. The negative consequences of the geopolitical legacy of colonialism are shown on the example of three countries: Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Angola, expressed in the emergence of conflicts in these countries based on ethno-cultural, religious and socio-economic contradictions. At the same time, the focus is made on the economic factor and the consequences of the consumer policy of the former metropolises pursuing their mercantile interests were mixed.

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