A method for estimating the toxic effect of contact insecticides on mosquitoes and house-flies

A method for comparing the lethality effect of contact insecticides on mosquitoes and house-flies is proposed.It is based on the comparison of the death-rate and the length of survival of insects after a contact for a very short and exactly measured time with a surface sprayed with a known concentration of the insecticide.It is suggested that the same method may be used to compare the susceptibility of various species of mosquitoes and flies to the toxic action of a contact insecticide.Some of the methods and apparatus were worked out and constructed by the Staff of No. 1 Malaria Field Laboratory under the command of the senior author. The following Officers and N.C.O.'s of the Royal Army Medical Corps were especially active in this work, and acknowledgement is made of their valuable contributions: Major T. T. Macan, Major Fox, Lt. MacDonald, Staff-Sgt. (later Major) Iles, Cpl. Mortimer.We are also indebted to Prof. F. S. Bodenheimer and Major T. T. Macan for their help in preparing this paper.

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Effect of Ascorbic and Isoascorbic acids on Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry Meat1

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-51.6.436 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 436-437 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

B. J. JUVEN ◽

J. KANNER ◽

H. WEISSLOWICZ ◽

S. HAREL

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Toxic Effect ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Death Rate ◽

Test Organism ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Turkey Meat

Samples of radiation-sterilized mechanically deboned turkey meat were inoculated with a strain of Campylobacter jejuni, stored at 5°C, and viable counts of the test organism determined during a 7-week period. As compared to results obtained with unsupplemented samples, addition of ascorbic acid or sodium isoascorbate (erythorbate) to the meat, at a concentration of 5 mmol/kg, caused an increase in the death rate of C. jejuni. Autooxidation of these compounds, during storage of the meat, supports the view that their toxic effect is mainly due to their oxidation products.

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An improved Method for testing Liquid Contact Insecticides in the Laboratory

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300025025 ◽

1938 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 41-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

H. J. Craufurd-Benson

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Laboratory Testing ◽

Death Rate ◽

Great Accuracy ◽

New Method ◽

Improved Method ◽

Immersion Method ◽

Testing Liquid ◽

Spraying Method ◽

Contact Insecticides

1. Methods for laboratory testing of contact insecticides are reviewed, and some of the disadvantages of these methods are discussed. Reasons are given for preferring an immersion to a spraying method, and the necessity for a supply of “ standardised ” insects is stressed.2. An improved immersion method for laboratory testing of contact insecticides is described, and the rigid technique necessary is detailed.3. The effect on the resistance ofAhasverus advenato a derris insecticide of varying the time of immersion, the age of the insects, the temperature and the humidity before, during, and after immersion is illustrated and shows the necessity of controlling all these factors.4. Results with a standard derris insecticide are given to show the great accuracy that can be obtained by the new method ; that the same result with the same insecticide can be repeated from day to day; and that two workers using the same insecticide have obtained identical results.5. The reaction to starvation is correlated with variations in age, temperature, and humidity, to show that the starvation death rate is a measure of the insects' powers of resistance to an insecticide.6. Statistical analysis and discussion of methods of expressing mortality is reserved for a later communication.

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Joint Toxic Action Against House Flies in Mixtures of Parathion and Its Methyl Homolog

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/44.4.474 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 474-476 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

W. A. Gersdorff ◽

Norman Mitlin

Keyword(s):

Toxic Action ◽

House Flies

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The use of chemical potentials as indices of toxicity

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1939.0030 ◽

1939 ◽

Vol 127 (848) ◽

pp. 387-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 361

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Toxic Action ◽

Chemical Potentials ◽

Wide Range ◽

Toxic Concentrations ◽

Contact Insecticides

A number of investigation have been published in which attempts are made to correlate the chemical or physical properties of substances with the intensity of their toxic action. Among these may be instanced the work of Moore (1917) on the toxicity of fumigants towards insects, the extensive work of Tattersfield and his collaborators on contact insecticides and fumigants (Tattersfield and others 1920, 1925, 1926, 1927), the bacteriological investigations of Tilley ans Schaffer (1926, 1928) and others (Coulthard, Marshall and Pyman 1930; Dohme, Cox and Millar 1926; Klatman, Gatyas and Shternov 1931), work on fungicides (Morris and Stirk 1932; Stiles and Rees 1935). In each of the investigations just quoted a more or less wide range of chemical compounds was examined. The experiments consisted in the determination of the molar concentrations of the compounds which produced equi-toxic on a selected organism. The toxicities of the compounds studied were then usually assumed to be inversely proportional to the values of these equi-toxic concentrations.

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Bactericidal Effect of Anaerobic Broth Exposed to Atmospheric Oxygen Tested on Peptostreptococcus anaerobius

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.6.2.117-123.1977 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 117-123

Author(s):

Fred Frölander ◽

Jan Carlsson

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Toxic Effect ◽

Manganese Dioxide ◽

Salt Solution ◽

Death Rate ◽

Atmospheric Oxygen ◽

Test Organism ◽

Bactericidal Effect ◽

Anaerobic Conditions

Peptostreptococcus anaerobius strain VPI 4330-1 was used as the test organism in an evaluation of the bactericidal effect of anaerobic broth exposed to air. The test organism, grown under anaerobic conditions in Trypticase soy broth, was diluted in buffered salt solution, and about 2 × 10 4 cells were suspended in 10 ml of an aerated broth. Ninety percent of the cells were killed within 15 min in actinomyces broth and within 50 min in Trypticase soy broth. All cells survived for 2 h in fluid thioglycolate medium. Addition of DABCO [1,4-diazabicyclo (2.2.2) octane] or mannitol to Trypticase soy broth did not influence the death rate of the organism, whereas superoxide dismutase decreased the death rate. Addition of catalase or manganese dioxide to the broth kept all the cells viable for 2 h. Of the three broth media tested, actinomyces broth reduced oxygen at the highest rate and Trypticase soy broth reduced it at the slowest rate. Hydrogen peroxide could be demonstrated in actinomyces broth and in Trypticase soy broth but not in fluid thioglycolate medium. In addition to catalase, manganese dioxide also removed all hydrogen peroxide from Trypticase soy broth, and superoxide dismutase significantly decreased the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the broth. The results suggest that hydrogen peroxide mediated the toxic effect of atmospheric oxygen in these broth media.

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CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF ANTI-TOXIC ACTION OF TAGARADI AGADA ON POISONOUS INSECTS BITE: A SHORT REVIEW

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i4.2020.13 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 99-103

Author(s):

Dr.Shruti Dinesh Bhokare ◽

Dr.Sandip Kondibhau Jadhav

Keyword(s):

Toxic Effect ◽

Pharmacological Study ◽

Short Review ◽

Health Hazards ◽

Toxic Action ◽

Medical Attention ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Conceptual Study ◽

Collective Information

Rapid urbanization lead to frequents encounters with wild animals and insects which leads to health hazards. Poisoning due to insect bite may warrant immediate medical attention. Tagaradi Agada is one of such agada useful in poisonous insect bite which is mentioned in ashtang sangraha uttartantra vishapratishedha adhyaya. Shloka phalashruti has mentioned its specific anti-toxic effect in makshika visha. This review is for collective information of therapeutic and pharmacological study of this agada for makshika visha poisoning.

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THE POSSIBILITY OF USING CYANOBACTERIA SYNECHOCYSTIS SP. FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE DEGREE OF WATER POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METAL SALTS

Hygiene and Sanitation ◽

10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-7-656-660 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 96 (7) ◽

pp. 656-660

Author(s):

Elena V. Polozova ◽

V. V. Shilov ◽

A. S. Bogacheva ◽

I. N. Klyushkin

Keyword(s):

Water Pollution ◽

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Toxic Effect ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Metal Salts ◽

Toxic Action ◽

Experimental Toxicology ◽

Heavy Metal Salts ◽

Synechocystis Sp

For the first time there are provided data on the toxicity of salts of heavy metals to the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. CALU 713 and PCC 6803. Changes of light and temperature conditions were shown to modify cyanobacteria sensitivity to the toxic effect of salts of heavy metals. The toxicity of salts of heavy metals is determined by the dose-dependent effect of the reducing the growth rate of cyanobacteria in the incubation medium on water basis. Changes of light and temperature culture conditions modify the sensitivity of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. to toxic effect of salts of heavy metals. The decrease in temperature and light in various degrees enhances the toxic effect of salts of heavy metals. Morphological changes of cyanobacteria, caused by the toxic action of salts of heavy metals were established to be nonspecific, regardless of the strain and species of the studied toxicant, showing the change of shapes and sizes, including dividing cells. At the ultrastructural level morphological changes in the cells of cyanobacteria are represented by changes of the thickness and the integrity of peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall; the damage to intracellular organelles relevant to energy metabolism: divergent tilakoid membranes with formation of intratilakoid spaces; agglutination of phycobilisomes and accumulation of polyphosphate granules; fibrous transformation of nucleoplasms with the loss of the typical granulation. A strain of Synechocystis sp. CALU 713is the most sensitive to the toxic action of salts of heavy metals and, therefore, suitable for the use in experimental toxicology. Cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. CALU 713 and PCC 6803 are promising test-object in experimental toxicology for the assessment of the degree of water pollution with heavy metal salts. There were obtained parameters of toxicity of heavy metal salts (AgNO3; 3CdSO4•8H2O; Hg(CH3COO)2; CuSO4•5H2O) for two strains of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. In these circumstances there were revealed morphological changes of the surface ultrastructure of cells of Synechocystis sp.

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