scholarly journals THE POSSIBILITY OF USING CYANOBACTERIA SYNECHOCYSTIS SP. FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE DEGREE OF WATER POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METAL SALTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 656-660
Author(s):  
Elena V. Polozova ◽  
V. V. Shilov ◽  
A. S. Bogacheva ◽  
I. N. Klyushkin
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Toxic Action ◽  
Experimental Toxicology ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
Synechocystis Sp

For the first time there are provided data on the toxicity of salts of heavy metals to the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. CALU 713 and PCC 6803. Changes of light and temperature conditions were shown to modify cyanobacteria sensitivity to the toxic effect of salts of heavy metals. The toxicity of salts of heavy metals is determined by the dose-dependent effect of the reducing the growth rate of cyanobacteria in the incubation medium on water basis. Changes of light and temperature culture conditions modify the sensitivity of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. to toxic effect of salts of heavy metals. The decrease in temperature and light in various degrees enhances the toxic effect of salts of heavy metals. Morphological changes of cyanobacteria, caused by the toxic action of salts of heavy metals were established to be nonspecific, regardless of the strain and species of the studied toxicant, showing the change of shapes and sizes, including dividing cells. At the ultrastructural level morphological changes in the cells of cyanobacteria are represented by changes of the thickness and the integrity of peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall; the damage to intracellular organelles relevant to energy metabolism: divergent tilakoid membranes with formation of intratilakoid spaces; agglutination of phycobilisomes and accumulation of polyphosphate granules; fibrous transformation of nucleoplasms with the loss of the typical granulation. A strain of Synechocystis sp. CALU 713is the most sensitive to the toxic action of salts of heavy metals and, therefore, suitable for the use in experimental toxicology. Cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. CALU 713 and PCC 6803 are promising test-object in experimental toxicology for the assessment of the degree of water pollution with heavy metal salts. There were obtained parameters of toxicity of heavy metal salts (AgNO3; 3CdSO4•8H2O; Hg(CH3COO)2; CuSO4•5H2O) for two strains of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. In these circumstances there were revealed morphological changes of the surface ultrastructure of cells of Synechocystis sp.

scholarly journals The Toxic Action of Heavy Metal Salts on the Three-spined Stickleback (Gastrosteus aculeatus)

1935 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
J. R. ERICHSEN JONES
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Metallic Cation ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
Conductance Ratio ◽  
Relative Electrical Conductivity

1. The observations and conclusions of Carpenter (1927, 1930) regarding the toxic effect of heavy metal salts on the minnow (Leuciscus phoxinus) are shown to apply equally well to the three-spined stickleback (Gastrosteus aculeatus). 2. It is shown that in the case of heavy metal salts the toxic effect of hypertonic solutions is due chiefly to the metallic cation, the toxicity of the anion being relatively small, while in the case of hypotonic solutions the toxicity is due entirely or almost entirely to the cation. 3. Nevertheless, in equimolar concentrations, different salts of the same metal do not have equal or approximately equal toxicity. At the same molar concentration the sulphates of heavy metals are much less toxic than the nitrates or chlorides. This is not due to difference of pH. 4. This difference in toxicity is shown to be closely related to difference in relative electrical conductivity; the toxicity of nitrate, chloride and sulphate is determined, not by the normality alone, but by the product of the normality and conductance ratio. 5. It is concluded that the factors responsible for the lower electrical conductivity of the sulphate also lower the chemical activity of the sulphate so that the toxicity falls in proportion to the conductivity.

scholarly journals The morphological changes in parathyroid glands, caused simulated prolonged influence of heavy metal salts

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
A. Romaniuk ◽  
O. Tymakova ◽  
J. Lyndina ◽  
N. Gryntsova ◽  
I. Kravtsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

The main problem today is environmental pollution with heavy metal salts. Biological activity and their ability to accumulate in the environment and the body leads to the disruption of many systems and organs. Parathyroid glands are important regulators of calcium homeostasis, which affects a lot of physiological processes in the body. Therefore, the work is devoted to the study of the morphological and functional characteristics of the parathyroid glands of laboratory rats under conditions of prolonged use of a combination of heavy metal salts. Study of the peculiarities of the structure and functional activity of the glands was carried out on adult male rats (n = 12). The animals were divided into groups: the first — its control, the second — rats, which received a water solution of a mixture of salts of heavy metals. The material was taken on the 90th day of the experiment. Histological preparations were made 5–7 microns thick, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Study of the linear parameters of the parathyroid glands was carried out on the largest longitudinal section. The area of the glands and cells, the thickness of the capsule and the layer of connective tissue in the parenchyma of the organ were measured. During the laboratory study of the blood of rats, the content of calcium and magnesium was determined, as well as the activity of parathyroid hormone. Conducted statistical treatment of the data. It has been established that with long-term admission of a combination of salts of heavy metals into the organism of rats leads to morphological changes in the parenchyma and stroma of the glands, there are changes in the content of calcium and magnesium in the biochemical parameters of blood, as well as inhibition of parathormone secretion. In the future, it is planned to study the morphofunctional features of the parathyroid glands in the process of readoptation after consuming a combination of heavy metal salts.

Heavy Metals and the Mammalian Thymus: In Vivo and In Vitro Investigations

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Ficek
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Lead Chloride ◽  
In Vitro Investigation ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts

This experiment was performed to investigate changes in the thymus of Wistar-strain male rats administered cadmium chloride (CdCl2), mercuric chloride (HgCl2), and lead chloride (PbCl2) salts. The study involved measurement of: 1) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content; 2) ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content; 3) incorporation of 3h-thymidine during in-vitro investigation; and 4) histological and morphological changes. It was shown in investigations on DNA content that administration of heavy metal salts caused an average 76% decrease in DNA content compared to the control. Moreover, in the thymus of experimental animals, an average 69% decrease in vitamin C content was recorded. In in vitro cultures, heavy metal salts decreased the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in thymic cells.

scholarly journals VARIABILITY OF T-LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROFAGS COMPOSITION IN THE URINARY BLADDER UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HEAVY METALS SALTS, CORRECTION OF THEIR EFFECT WITH VITAMIN E AND IN THE READAPTATION PERIOD

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
V.V. Sikora
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts

In modern urology, it is important to study and understand the features of the development of various pathologies in the organs of the urinary system since the disturbances of the urodynamics is a widespread problem all over the world. Thus, the environment pollution caused by heavy metal salts has unpredictable consequences for the functioning of the urinary bladder. That is why the object of this study is to determine the features of the expression and the quantitative composition of T-cells and macrophages in the UB wall under the intake of the HMS and correction of their effect with vitamin E, as well as during the readaptation period. According to the experimental scenario, the experiment model was implemented by using male rats that were divided into six groups. The heavy metal salts mixture consisted of the most common potentially dangerous metals-microelements (zinc, cooper, iron, manganese, lead and chrome). Vitamin E was chosen as a corrector. To determine the quantitative composition of T-cells and macrophages the immunohistochemical identification by CD3 and CD68 antibodies was used. The main results are presented as M±SD, with the assessment of the differences and dependencies between the groups by using nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient. We found that the number of CD3+ lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages differed between the groups and depended on the experimental conditions. Thus, the results of our study demonstrate that the number of T-cells and macrophages in the bladder increases under the influence of heavy metals salts. The simultaneous intake of the pollutants and vitamin E is accompanied by the decrease of expression intensity of the corresponding cells. When the intake of the heavy metals is canceled, the qualitative composition of the identified CD3 and CD68 cells gradually comes to the norm, but the speed of its reduction differs depending on the group of the readaptation. Discovered that the decrease of T-cells and macrophages in the groups with the use of vitamin E was more approached to the control. Based on the results of the immunohistochemical study, a strong correlation between an increased number of the expressed T-cells and macrophages was revealed in the urinary bladder during the whole period of the study that demonstrates the dependence of their activity.

scholarly journals The features of morphological changes in the urinary bladder under combined effect of heavy metal salts

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatolii Romaniuk ◽  
Vladyslav Sikora ◽  
Mykola Lyndin ◽  
Vladyslav Smiyanov ◽  
Volodymyr Sikora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts

scholarly journals Responses of Two Barley Subspecies to In vitro-Induced Heavy Metal Stress: Seeds Germination, Seedlings Growth and Cytotoxicity Assay

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Nouri ◽  
Taoufik El Rasafi ◽  
Abdelmajid Haddioui
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Heavy Metal Stress ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
Seeds Germination

Abstract In this work three heavy metals: cadmium (as CdSO4), cobalt (as CoCl2) and zinc (as ZnSO4), were used to determine and compare their toxicity towards two subspecies of barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare L. and Hordeum vulgare subsp. distichum L.), focusing on seeds germination, seedlings growth, and cytological parameters. The results indicate that the effect of these heavy metals depends on the metal kind, the metal concentrations and the plant subspecies. Generally, in the case of H. vulgare, the heavy metal salts understudy did not influence significantly seed germination and seedling growth parameters. However, these metal salts influence significantly these parameters for H. distichum. The cytological test showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the mitotic index among the increase of the heavy metal concentrations when evaluated with the control for H. vulgare and H. distichum. Consequently, H. vulgare seemed to be more tolerant of the increase of the three heavy metals concentrations than H. distichum.

38. The Inactivation of Lipase in Dairy Products by Traces of Heavy Metal Salts

1932 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Lewis Davies
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Peroxide Formation ◽  
Nickel Cobalt ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
Free Oleic Acid ◽  
Catalytic Power

Traces of heavy metals in amounts up to 25 parts per million have the property of inhibiting the action of lipase in butter from unpasteurised sweet cream in varying degrees depending on the concentration of the metal and on the metal itself. Copper was the most potent metal of those studied, iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, and chromium being less active, while tin and aluminium had no effect.The acidity produced was accompanied by fat-peroxide formation in amount varying directly with the acidity. This was attributable to the free oleic acid formed.The depression of lipase activity by the various metals varied directly with their catalytic power in inducing fat oxidation later, and it is suggested that destruction of lipase was catalysed by the traces of heavy metals according to their varying powers of activating oxygen. Lipase as a compound naturally associated with fats might thus be looked on as a natural “antioxygen.”

scholarly journals FEATURES OF MORPHOLOGICAL REARRANGEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS IN THE RAT PINEAL GLAND UNDER THE IMPACT OF HEAVY METAL SALTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Natalia Гринцова ◽  
Anatolii Romanyuk ◽  
Ingrid Hodorova ◽  
Ludmila Karpenko ◽  
Serhii Dmytruk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
General Adaptation Syndrome ◽  
General Adaptation ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rat Pineal Gland

The development of the pathology of individual organs and systems undoubtedly depends on adverse environmental factors. Particular attention of researchers attracts heavy metal salts. Epiphyseal hormones play a key role in regulating and maintaining basic body functions. The article presents the results of the study on morphological and morphometric rearrangements of structural changes in the rat pineal gland influence for 30 days of heavy metal salts (sulfates of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, plumbers’ nitrite and chrome oxide). The selected concentration of salts in the mixture was due to the presence of similar concentrations of these salts in the soil and drinking water in some regions of Ukraine according to literature sources. General morphological and statistical research methods were used (histological, morphometric and variational statistics methods). The 30-days impact of the heavy metal salts combination on the rat body caused in the pineal gland morphological changes of nonspecific polymorphic nature, which were expressed in the increased vascular area, active glial response, hypertrophy of pinealocyte nuclei and increase of their optical density. Cytological signs in most pinealocytes indicated the predominance of indolamine synthesis over polypeptides. The main pathogenetic mechanisms of the influence of heavy metal salts on the organ have been established: change in the vascular lumen area, blood rheological properties impairment, tissue hypoxia, nucleus hypertrophy and change in their optical density.  Morphological changes in the gland comply with the stress phase of the general adaptation syndrome. The above morphological changes negatively affected the processes of hormones evacuation into the blood, the course of the general adaptation syndrome and the homeostasis restoration in the organ.

scholarly journals Studies on recovery of heavy metals from tannery wastewater

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Abhimati Shukla ◽  
Zainab Mahmood ◽  
Lalit Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Tanning Process ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
The Cost

Heavy metal salts are widely used in the tanning process in the form of Chrome alum and Chromium[III] sulfate. It is a highly toxic metal and cannot be degraded thus deposited and incorporated in water, sediment and aquatic ecosystems which poses various respiratory, skin and other health issues to humans and also cause serious issues to microbial, plant and aquatic life. The cost of these heavy metal salts is high due to which the tanners need a lot of investment for the tanning process because of its abundant use. So, to overcome such issues numerous techniques have been developed for the recovery and reuse of these heavy metal salts from the wastewater of the tanneries to reduce the pollution in the wastewater streams and exempt the tanners from the high cost of these salts.  

scholarly journals Morphofunctional rearrangements of adrenal cortex of adult rats at the experimental microelementosis

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Zona Reticularis ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts

Xenobiotics, including salts of heavy metals, determine the development of pathology of individual organs and systems of the body. Adrenal hormones occupy a key place in the regulation and maintenance of the organism basic functions. The study of morphological, biochemical and immunohistochemical changes in the adrenal cortex of pubescent male rats at exposure to the complex of heavy metal salts remains an actual aspect of modern morphology. The experiment involved 24 white adult male rats weighing 250–300 g, aged 7–8 months. The animals of the experimental group consumed ordinary drinking water saturated with a combination of heavy metal salts (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mg, Cr) for 60 days. Histological, biochemical (determination of the content of hormones COR – cortisol, DHS – dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) and immunohistochemical (determination of the expression of proliferation marker Ki-67) methods were used. Long-term consumption of the combination of heavy metals salts by mature rats leads to thickening of the stromal component of the gland, the rupture of capillaries and the violation of rheological properties of blood. Chromatin condensation, its marginal location, and initial stages of necrobiotic changes have been found in the spongiocyte nuclear apparatus. For endocrinocytes of the zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis of the gland, a slight increase in proliferative activity has been revealed, while cells of the zona fasciculata were non-reactive. These results correlate with the results of biochemical research, according to which hormones of the zona reticularis – DHS were actively involved in the formation of adaptive reactions in the body of experimental animals at the 60-day period of administration of the complex of heavy metals salts. The results of complex studies indicate a weakening of the secretory activity of cells of the zona fasciculata, which adversely affects the development of compensatory-adaptive processes in the body and the course of the general adaptation syndrome in response to the action of the damaging agent.

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