The Pharmacological Study of Antidiabetatic Property of Ficus racemosa Leaves by Observing Different Aspects

Ficus racemosa is belong to the family of Moraceae.It is a famous medicinal plant in India which is used in traditional system of medicine for long period of time for the treatment of various diseases like liver disorder, diarrhora, inflamatory condition, ulcer, urinary disorder, antifungal and diabetics. This plant is very useful from ancient time of maintained in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy. Plant are one of the most important role/source in medicine. The commen name of Ficus racemosa is “Audumber” and “Umbar”. In Thervada Buddhism the plant is said to have as the tree for achived enlightenment by the 26th Loard Buddha, Konaagama. This udumbara is deciduous tree. The more information is described below and the people are moving towards ayurvedic preprations.

Effect of Intrahippocampal Administration of α7 Subtype Nicotinic Receptor Agonist PNU-282987 and Its Solvent Dimethyl Sulfoxide on the Efficiency of Hypoxic Preconditioning in Rats

We have previously suggested a key role of the hippocampus in the preconditioning action of moderate hypobaric hypoxia (HBH). The preconditioning efficiency of HBH is associated with acoustic startle prepulse inhibition (PPI). In rats with PPI > 40%, HBH activates the cholinergic projections of hippocampus, and PNU-282987, a selective agonist of α7 nicotinic receptors (α7nAChRs), reduces the HBH efficiency and potentiating effect on HBH of its solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, anticholinesterase agent) when administered intraperitoneally. In order to validate the hippocampus as a key structure in the mechanism of hypoxic preconditioning and research a significance of α7nAChR activation in the hypoxic preconditioning, we performed an in vivo pharmacological study of intrahippocampal injections of PNU-282987 into the CA1 area on HBH efficiency in rats with PPI ≥ 40%. We found that PNU-282987 (30 μM) reduced HBH efficiency as with intraperitoneal administration, while DMSO (0.05%) still potentiated this effect. Thus, direct evidence of the key role of the hippocampus in the preconditioning effect of HBH and some details of this mechanism were obtained in rats with PPI ≥ 40%. The activation of α7nAChRs is not involved in the cholinergic signaling initiated by HBH or DMSO via any route of administration. Possible ways of the potentiating action of DMSO on HBH efficiency and its dependence on α7nAChRs are discussed.

Ginsenoside Compound K Assisted G-Quadruplex Folding and Regulated G-Quadruplex-Containing Transcription

Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is one of the major metabolites of the bioactive ingredients in Panax ginseng, which presents excellent bioactivity and regulates the expression of important proteins. In this work, the effects of CK on G-quadruplexes (G4s) were quantitatively analyzed in the presence and absence of their complementary sequences. CK was demonstrated to facilitate the formation of G4s, and increase the quantity of G4s in the competition with duplex. Thermodynamic experiments suggested that the electrostatic interactions were important for G4 stabilization by CK. CK was further found to regulate the transcription of G4-containing templates, reduce full-length transcripts, and decrease the transcription efficiency. Our results provide new evidence for the pharmacological study of ginsenosides at the gene level.

Progress in Modern Pharmacological Research and Clinical Application of Daihuang Zhechong Pill

Daihuang Zhechong pill is an important prescription in ancient books for the treatment of promoting blood circulation and breaking blood stasis. This paper mainly discusses the pharmacological study and clinical application of Daihuang Zhechong pill.

Identification and Isolation of lupeol and β-sitosterol from Iraqi Bauhinia variegata and determination the cytotoxic activity of the hexane extract of its leaves, stems and flowers

Objective: Bauhinia variegata is evergreen small medicinal tree grows all over the world especially in the tropical regions. The aims of the study were detection, isolation quantification and identification of β-sitosterol and lupeol of Iraqi B. variegata stem using various chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, beside the cytotoxic investigation of hexane extract of different aerial parts. Methods: detection by GC mass spectroscopy, isolated by preparative TLC. The identification and the structural elucidation of isolated β-sitosterol and lupeol were performed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and FTIR. While the cytotoxic activity was performed against MCF-7 cells line. Results: Results highlighted that β-sitosterol and lupeol present in Iraqi B. variegata stem that confirmed by different chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis. Also the leaves extract has the superior action on MCF-7 cells followed by stem extract and end up by flower extract. Conclusions: The plant has a good content of both β-sitosterol and lupeol and the good cytotoxic action of aerial parts hexane extract confirm the successful plantation of B. variegata. These isolated compounds are a suitable candidate for further pharmacological study.

An Ethno Botanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used for Respiratory Tract Disorders in Northern Parts of Palestine

Background: There are many medicinal applications of natural plant remedies. Several illnesses are still being treated by Palestinian people using medicinal plants. This research was intended to study the use of natural plants to treat different types of Respiratory tract disorders. Method: In the Northern part of Palestine, an ethno-pharmacological study of medicinal plants used to treat respiratory diseases has been carried out. A questionnaire was circulated to 120 informants. The details gathered included the names of the plants, the parts used, the diseases for which the products were used, as well as the method of preparation. To evaluate results: percentages (%), Fic (factor of informant consensus) and FL (fidelity-level) was calculated. Results: A total of 120 participants were included in the final analysis. The highest percentage of herbal use was reported for flu (103 participants) followed by cough, while the lowest percentages of users were in bronchitis management. The study showed that 31 plant species of 19 families were used for respiratory disorders. 6 species are from Lamiaceae family, while 3 species from Apiaceae family, two species are from Amaryllidaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae and Zingiberaceae , while the rest of the families only one species was mentioned by the participants, The pieces used most commonly were leaves and fruits. Decoction was the technique of preparation and was taken as a hot drink.Chamomile, mint, sage , lemon and ginger all were in treatment of all of the five respiratory diseases.Conclusions: The information provided on medicinal plants, with maximum percents & FL values can serve as basic data for further research to identify the active biological ingredients in these plants., and to develop new drug preparations for the treatment of disorders of the resapiratory system.

A global analytical molecular pharmacological study of the endocrinological pharmacotherapeutic rationale of anti-diabetic prescriptions appraisal attributes for metformin and sitagliptin, with evaluation of anti-diabetic tertiary medical healthcare patient satisfaction

Background: The inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 by anti-diabetic drugs dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors enhances hormonal activity of incretins (GLP-1, GIP, GRP), stimulates insulin release and reduces glucagon secretion, producing anti-hyperglycaemic activity among type II diabetics. The objective of this study was a global analytical molecular pharmacological study of the endocrinological rationale of anti-diabetic prescriptions appraisal attributes for metformin and sitagliptin, along with anti-diabetic tertiary medical healthcare patient satisfaction evaluation.Methods: 100 new early moderate grade type II diabetics were prescribed oral metformin 500 mg or sitagliptin 25 mg once daily for 3 months, in monotherapy, or in combination therapy, or in a mixed regimen of monotherapy and combination therapy. The patients’ endocrinological pharmacotherapeutic compliance was analysed. The number of prescriptions for metformin and sitagliptin was recorded; and prescription percentages were calculated. The completeness and molecular basis of prescription content attributes were analysed. The molecular basis of anti-diabetic pharmacotherapeutics, was analysed. The anti-diabetic tertiary medical healthcare patient satisfaction was evaluated by patient response to different attributes of anti-diabetic treatment.Results: All the patients had completed the study, with no adverse effects related drop-out, lost to follow-up or voluntarily withdrawn patients. The prescription rates of metformin was 75% (75 prescriptions), followed by sitagliptin: 25% (25 prescriptions).100% prescriptions were complete for each prescription content attribute. The molecular pharmacotherapeutic response mechanisms were significantly efficacious. All the patients were satisfied with each anti-diabetic medical healthcare attribute. Conclusions: The patient endocrinological pharmacotherapeutic compliance was significantly high. Metformin was most commonly prescribed, followed by sitagliptin. The prescription content analyses showed 100% completeness, with significant pharmacotherapeutic molecular efficacy. There was ample anti-diabetic medical healthcare satisfaction.

Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Study of Helicteres isora. Linn. - A Review

Aim: In this article we compiled the whole plant of Helicteres.isora Linn showed excellent medicinal merits from ancient time belonging to the family Sterculiacea, which commonly known as murud sheng. Study Design: The Pharmacognostic study i.e. microscopic and macroscopic study with preliminary phytochemical test on different parts of plant performed in a Datta Meghe college of pharmacy,Datta meghe Institute of Medical sciences, Wardha, in collaboration with Balkh university,Mazar-e-Sharif during the period of January 2021 to Septmber 2021. Methodology: In the preliminary study focus on all pharmacognostic, by microscopic identification,by TLC, HPTLC by fingerprint application and phytochemical test of root extract, stem, leaf and fruit powder from different researchers study, which showed the presence of carbohydrates, protein, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, tannins, essential oil etc which shows number of medicinal merits Results: During the study all investigators investigate, different region shows minute change in organoleptic charecteristics as well as phytochemical constituents and pharmacological study exhibits activities like Fruit showed Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic activity, Bark extract showed Antihelmintic activity , Root extract as Anticancer. Conclusion: According to study we conclude that Helicteres Isora Linn whole plant parts as well chemical constituents in every part is effective and used medicinally so further investigations are necessary to find out the active bio active molecules responsible to cure different disorders

Xin Su Ning—A Review of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Integrated With Traditional Chinese Medicine Antiarrhythmic Theory

Xin Su Ning (XSN) is a patented multicomponent medicine, which was certified in 2005 by the China State Food and Drug Administration to be produced pharmaceutically and to be used clinically. The XSN capsule was developed from an effective formula composed by Prof. Shuwen Ding of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Through more than 30 years of clinical observation, Prof. Ding concluded that XSN has a significant effect on arrhythmia with phlegm-heat heart-disturbed syndrome according to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis. XSN, derived from a classical TCM formula Huanglian Wen Dan Decoction, is formulated with 11 Chinese herbal medicines to treat cardiac ventricular arrhythmia. Clinical evidence suggests that it is particularly efficacious for the arrhythmias induced by cardiac ischemia and viral myocarditis without obvious adverse reactions being reported. Cellular electrophysiological studies in ventricular myocytes revealed that XSN prolongs the duration and suppresses the amplitude of the action potential (AP), which is supported by the blockage of sodium and potassium channels indicating the characteristics of class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs. A recently reported double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial of XSN enrolled 861 patients (ChiCTR-TRC-14004180) and showed that XSN significantly inhibited premature ventricular contraction (PVC). The cellular electrophysiological discoveries provided the mechanistic evidence for the clinical efficacy on inhibition of PVC by XSN as demonstrated in the clinical trial. These studies, for the first time, provided exclusive evidence that multicomponent TCM antiarrhythmic medicine can be evaluated using conventional research methods that have been used for antiarrhythmic drug discoveries for decades. We aimed to give a comprehensive review on XSN including its origin with the support of TCM theory, its pre-licensing clinical use and development, and its pharmacological and clinical study discoveries. The review will be summarized with the discoveries reported in a novel network pharmacological study that introduced a weight coefficient, which made it possible to evaluate the pharmacological properties of the TCM formula with regard to its formation based on TCM theory. Limitations regarding XSN’s basic and clinical research and possible future studies are listed. We hope that the advances in how XSN was studied may offer useful guidance on how other TCM could be studied with respect to the integrity of the TCM formulas.

Network Pharmacology-Based Systematic Analysis of Molecular Mechanisms of Geranium wilfordii Maxim for HSV-2 Infection

Background. Being a traditional Chinese medicine, Geranium wilfordii Maxim (GWM) is used for the treatment of various infectious diseases, and its main active ingredients are the polyphenolic substances such as polyphenols quercetin, corilagin, and geraniin. Previous studies have demonstrated the anti-HSV-1 viral activity of these three main ingredients. Through employing a network pharmacological method, the authors of the present research intend to probe the mechanism of GWM for the therapeutic treatment of HSV-2 infection. Methods. The bioactive substances and related targets of GWM were obtained from the TCMSP database. Gene expression discrepancy for HSV-2 infection was obtained from dataset GSE18527. Crossover genes between disease target genes and GWM target genes were gained via Circos package. Distinctively displayed genes (DDGs) during HSV-2 infection were uploaded to the Metascape database with GWM target genes for further analysis. The tissue-specific distribution of the genes was obtained by uploading the genes to the PaGenBase database. Ingredient-gene-pathway (IGP) networks were constructed using Cytoscape software. Molecular docking investigations were carried out utilizing AutoDock Vina software. Results. Nine actively involved components were retrieved from the TCMSP database. After taking the intersection among 153 drug target genes and 83 DDGs, 7 crossover genes were screened. Gene enrichment analysis showed that GWM treatment of HSV-2 infection mainly involves cytokine signaling in the immune system, response to virus, epithelial cell differentiation, and type II interferon signaling (IFNG). One hub, three core objectives, and two critical paths were filtered out from the built network. Geraniin showed strong binding activity with HSV-2 gD protein and STING protein in molecular docking. Conclusions. This network pharmacological study provides a fundamental molecular mechanistic exploration of GWM for the treatment of HSV-2 infection.