The resistance to re-infection of cats repeatedly inoculated with infective larvae of Brugia pahangi

SUMMARYSeven microfilaraemic and five amicrofilaraemic cats which had been repeatedly infected with Brugia pahangi were challenged along with normal cats 28, 14 and 1 day before autopsy. The lymphatics of the amicrofilaraemic cats contained no female adult worms originating from the repeat infections and only two adult males (both from the same cat). Only 5·2 % of the worms in the control cats were recovered from the amicrofilaraemic cats. Most of the challenge worms were killed in the first 24 h. The microfilaraemic cats all contained fertile adult male and female worms derived from the repeated infection but in such low numbers as to indicate considerable resistance to infection. Compared to their controls 26·4% of the challenge worms were recovered. Analysis of the life-cycle stages recovered showed that in both groups there was attrition of all stages and that although a number of worms reached L5 these were all killed later in the amicrofilaraemic cats.

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Assessment of reference genes at six different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni for quantitative RT-PCR

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96055-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gilbert O. Silveira ◽

Murilo S. Amaral ◽

Helena S. Coelho ◽

Lucas F. Maciel ◽

Adriana S. A. Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

Reference Genes ◽

Large Scale ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Adult Males ◽

Histone H4 ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Life Cycle Stages

AbstractReverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most used, fast, and reproducible method to confirm large-scale gene expression data. The use of stable reference genes for the normalization of RT-qPCR assays is recognized worldwide. No systematic study for selecting appropriate reference genes for usage in RT-qPCR experiments comparing gene expression levels at different Schistosoma mansoni life-cycle stages has been performed. Most studies rely on genes commonly used in other organisms, such as actin, tubulin, and GAPDH. Therefore, the present study focused on identifying reference genes suitable for RT-qPCR assays across six S. mansoni developmental stages. The expression levels of 25 novel candidates that we selected based on the analysis of public RNA-Seq datasets, along with eight commonly used reference genes, were systematically tested by RT-qPCR across six developmental stages of S. mansoni (eggs, miracidia, cercariae, schistosomula, adult males and adult females). The stability of genes was evaluated with geNorm, NormFinder and RefFinder algorithms. The least stable candidate reference genes tested were actin, tubulin and GAPDH. The two most stable reference genes suitable for RT-qPCR normalization were Smp_101310 (Histone H4 transcription factor) and Smp_196510 (Ubiquitin recognition factor in ER-associated degradation protein 1). Performance of these two genes as normalizers was successfully evaluated with females maintained unpaired or paired to males in culture for 8 days, or with worm pairs exposed for 16 days to double-stranded RNAs to silence a protein-coding gene. This study provides reliable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis using samples from six different S. mansoni life-cycle stages.

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The Black Parlatoria Scale, Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas, 1853) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae): a guide to field identification

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485320000279 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 111 (1) ◽

pp. 39-48

Author(s):

Hanen Jendoubi ◽

Ferran Garcia-Mari ◽

Agatino Russo ◽

Pompeo Suma

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Invasive Pest ◽

Sour Orange ◽

Immature Stages ◽

Male And Female ◽

Distinctive Features ◽

Life Cycle Stages ◽

Field Identification ◽

Correct Species Identification

AbstractPest control is easier and more effective when pests are correctly identified. The Black Parlatoria Scale, Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas, 1853) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) is an important invasive pest in citrus-growing countries. This diaspidid has historically been difficult to control, because its immature stages are difficult to identify due to confusion with similar Parlatoria species. No field descriptions of female or male developmental stages are available for P. ziziphi. We provide the first description of field characteristics of the developmental stages of P. ziziphi. Colonies were reared in the laboratory on sour orange plants and lemon fruits to illustrate the distinctive features of each instar. An illustrated field guide of all life-cycle stages of male and female P. ziziphi is provided for correct species identification and better pest management. This tool is designed to help recognize P. ziziphi in field-scouting programmes or quarantine inspections, without the need for taxonomic expertise in identifying the Parlatoria group.

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Parasitological observations on Meriones unguiculatus singly or multiply infected with Brugia pahangi

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000054548 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 295-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

D. A. Denham ◽

R. R. Suswillo ◽

W. Chusattayanond

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Cavity ◽

Meriones Unguiculatus ◽

Brugia Pahangi ◽

Male And Female ◽

Infective Larvae

SUMMARYWhen jirds were infected with a single inoculum of 25–50 infective larvae of Brugia pahangi an overall mean recovery of adult worms of 44·5% (n = 41) was obtained. There was no difference in recoveries between male and female jirds. If jirds were repeatedly inoculated with larvae into the peritoneal cavity yields were only slightly reduced. Yields were 30·5% for 5 infections (n = 10), 26·7% for 10 infections (n = 8), 34·4% for 15 infections (n = 10) and 28·5% for 20 infections (n = 7). Twice as many worms were recovered from intraperitoneally inoculated jirds than from subcutaneously inoculated jirds.

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Fittkaulus maculatus a new genus and species from northern Brazil (Leptophlebiidae: Ephemeroptera)

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/1809-43921978082293 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 293-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Harry M. Savage ◽

William L. Peters

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

New Genus ◽

Guiana Shield ◽

New Genus And Species ◽

Male And Female ◽

Life Cycle Stages ◽

Northern Brazil

Abstract A new genus and species of Leptophlebiidae, Fittkaulus maculatus, is described from male and female imagos, subimagos, and nymphs collected from streams of the eastern Guiana Shield, Pará State, Brazil. Association of life cycle stages is by rearing. Fittkaulus appears to be most closely related to Terpides Demoulin.

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The isolation of differentially expressed cDNA clones from the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182099004576 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 119 (2) ◽

pp. 189-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S. J. HUNTER ◽

S. A. M. MARTIN ◽

F. J. THOMPSON ◽

L. TETLEY ◽

E. DEVANEY

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Northern Blot Analysis ◽

Immunogold Labelling ◽

Filarial Nematode ◽

Parasite Development ◽

Cdna Clones ◽

Mosquito Vector ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Brugia Pahangi ◽

Life Cycle Stages

A cDNA library constructed from 3 day post-infective L3 of the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi was screened by differential hybridization with cDNA probes prepared from different life-cycle stages. Five cDNA clones hybridizing selectively to the mosquito-derived L3 probe were isolated and characterized. Northern blot analysis of 4 of the clones confirmed that each was most highly expressed in the mosquito-derived L3. The expression of each mRNAduring parasite development in the mosquito vector was investigated using RT–PCR, and all were shown to be abundant in the immature L3. Four of the 5 cDNAs cloned coded for structural proteins: 2 cuticular collagens, and the muscle proteins tropomyosin and troponin. Further studies on troponin using an antiserum raised to the recombinant protein demonstrated that the protein, unlike the mRNA, was present in all life-cycle stages examined, while immunogold labelling demonstrated that it was localized to the muscle blocks.

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Biology and Morphometrics of Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) on Chickpea

International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.9734/irjpac/2020/v21i2330314 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 161-165

Author(s):

K. Sathish ◽

J. Jaba ◽

B. P. Katlam ◽

A. Vishal ◽

S. P. Mishra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Average Length ◽

Adult Longevity ◽

Callosobruchus Chinensis ◽

Morphometric Measurements ◽

Female Adult ◽

Male And Female ◽

Pulse Beetle ◽

Chickpea Cultivar ◽

Total Life

The biology and morphometrics of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis were studied on chickpea cultivar ICCV 2 under laboratory conditions at ICRISAT, Patancheru, Telangana, India during 2018-19 and 2019-2020. The experiments were carried out in the BOD incubator at temperature of 28 ± 2ºC and relative humidity of 65 to 70%. The life cycle of C. chinensis included four stages egg, grub, pupae and adult. The data revealed that eggs incubation period in 4-5 days, the grub stage consisted of four instars and its development ranged from 20-25 days, pupation lasted for 6-7 days, whereas, female adult longevity ranged from 9-12 days. The morphometric measurements revealed that the average length and breadth of eggs were 0.62 ± 0.03mm and 0.34 ± 0.02 mm respectively. The length and breadth (mm) of four grub instars G1, G2, G3 and G4 were 0.58 ± 0.02 and 0.30 ± 0.01, 1.53 ± 0.06 and 0.92 ± 0.04, 2.71 ± 0.10 and 1.47 ± 0.06, 3.59 ± 0.14 and 1.96 ± 0.08 respectively. The average length and breadth of pupa were 3.72 ± 0.12 mm, 2.15 ± 0.09 mm. Whereas, the length and breadth (mm) of adult male and female bruchids were 3.87 ± 0.08, 2.07 ± 0.05 and 4.23 ± 0.14, 2.31 ± 0.07 respectively. The total life cycle of C. chinensis ranged from 33-42 days.

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