Cyclosporin A: antiparasite drug, modulator of the host-parasite relationship and immunosuppressant

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 105 (S1) ◽  
pp. S25-S40 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Chappell ◽  
J. M. Wastling
Keyword(s):  
Cyclosporin A ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Filarial Nematodes ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYCyclosporin A (CsA), a cyclic undecapeptide with powerful properties of immunosuppression, acts on parasitic infections in laboratory animals in various ways. The outcome of drug administrationin vivovaries with timing of treatment relative to infection, route of administration, dose and number of treatments applied. CsA is clearly antiparasitic against malaria, schistosomes, adult tapeworms, metacestodes and filarial nematodes. By contrast, it acts as an immunomodulator against trypanosomes andGiardia, by exacerbating infection; in the case ofLeishmaniaspp. the drug acts variously. In some other infections CsA acts both as an antiparasite drug and as an immunosuppressant (Toxoplasma, avian coccidiosis and gastrointestinal nematodes).

An evolutionary perspective on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep

2011 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Stear ◽  
D. Singleton ◽  
L. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Fundamental Theorem ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to discuss from an evolutionary perspective the interaction between domestic sheep (Ovis aries)and their gastrointestinal nematodes. Although evolution is the central theme of biology, there has been little attempt to consider how evolutionary forces have shaped and continue to shape the relationships between domestic animals and their parasite community. Mathematical modelling of the host–parasite relationship indicated that the system is remarkably robust to perturbations in its parameters. This robustness may be a consequence of the long coevolution of host and parasites. Although nematodes can potentially evolve faster than the host, coevolution is not dominated by the parasite and there are several examples where breeds of cattle or sheep have evolved high levels of resistance to disease. Coevolution is a more equal partnership between host and nematode than is commonly assumed. Coevolution between parasites and the host immune system is often described as an arms race where both host immune response genes and parasite proteins evolve rapidly in response to each other. However, initial results indicate that nematode antigens are not evolving rapidly; the arms race between the immune system and nematodes, if it exists, is happening very slowly. Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection states that genes with positive effects on fitness will be fixed by natural selection. Consequently, heritable variation in fitness traits is expected to be low. Contrary to this argument, there is considerable genetic variation in resistance to nematode infection. In particular, the heritabilities of nematode-specific IgA and IgE activity are moderate to high. The reasons for this apparent violation of the fundamental theorem of natural selection are not clear but several possible explanations are explored. Faecal nematode egg counts increase at the beginning of the grazing season – a phenomenon known as the periparturient rise. This increase benefits host and parasite and appears to be a consequence of coevolution. In conclusion, an evolutionary perspective can shed light on many aspects of the host–parasite relationship in domestic animals.

The effect of cyclosporin A on the course ofParagonimus miyazakiiinfection in rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihisa Hashiguchi ◽  
Yoshisuke Okamura
Keyword(s):  
Cyclosporin A ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Cyst Formation ◽  
Fungal Metabolite ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Time Of Administration ◽  
Lower Recovery

ABSTRACTThe effect of the immunomodulatory fungal metabolite cyclosporin A (CyA) on the course ofParagonimus miyazakiiinfection in rats was studied. Administration of CyA 15 to 19 days post-infection resulted in a significantly lower recovery rate of worms and cyst formation in the host's lungs than in controls. Administration of CyA − 1 to + 3 days post-infection enhanced the growth and maturation ofP. miyazakii, expressed as weight of worms and the number of worms with eggs in uteri with respect to control values. This study shows that administration of CyA to rats affects the host-parasite relationship, depending on the time of administration of the drug.

Plasmodium falciparumgrowth inhibition by human plateletsin vitro

Parasitology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Peyron ◽  
B. Polack ◽  
D. Lamotte ◽  
L. Kolodie ◽  
P. Ambroise-Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Activated Platelets ◽  
Erythrocyte Lysis ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Oxygen Metabolites

SummaryPlatelets take an active part in immunological processes as well as in haemostasis, especially in the host-parasite relationship. Our aim is to assess the growth ofPlasmodium falciparum, cultured in human erythrocytes in the presence of fresh washed human platelets, since thrombocytopaenia is frequently observed during malarial infections. Our results show that platelets induce a dose-related growth inhibition ofP. falciparum. Both proliferation and maturation of intraerythrocytic stages of the parasite are inhibited. This growth inhibition is triggered by the parasite itself as neither specific antibodies nor any other components are needed to activate platelets. Activated platelets are directly toxic since complement is not involved. Furthermore, inhibition is not mediated by erythrocyte lysis or by toxic oxygen metabolites. Platelets induce an inhibition ofP.falciparumgrowth, at leastin vitro, although the importance of their role playedin vivoin malarial immunity has yet to be evaluated.

The Significance of Infra-specific Variations of Hosts and Parasites in the Epidemiology of Helminths of Medical Importance

1971 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Webbe
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Heterogeneity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Host Parasite

The epidemiology of parasitic infections may be profoundly influenced by infra-specific variations in infectivity for either intermediate or definitive hosts. Such variations will decide the basic ecology of the host-parasite relationship, and variations in virulence and pathogenicity therefore determine different patterns of disease. While some of the evidence of infra-specific variations has been derived from experimental studies, much of it has been recorded by those concerned with investigations of the epidemiology and transmission of parasitic infections and the practical aspects of their control. The unequivocal demonstration of genetic heterogeneity of certain parasites of medical importance has therefore resulted in a better understanding of their epidemiology and, in some cases, is leading to greater precision in attempts to control them.

Understanding host–parasite relationship: the immune central nervous system microenvironment and its effect on brain infections

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (8) ◽  
pp. 988-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Adalid-Peralta ◽  
Brenda Sáenz ◽  
Gladis Fragoso ◽  
Graciela Cárdenas
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Foreign Agent ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractThe central nervous system (CNS) has been recognized as an immunologically specialized microenvironment, where immune surveillance takes a distinctive character, and where delicate neuronal networks are sustained by anti-inflammatory factors that maintain local homeostasis. However, when a foreign agent such as a parasite establishes in the CNS, a set of immune defences is mounted and several immune molecules are released to promote an array of responses, which ultimately would control the infection and associated damage. Instead, a host–parasite relationship is established, in the context of which a close biochemical coevolution and communication at all organization levels between two complex organisms have developed. The ability of the parasite to establish in its host is associated with several evasion mechanisms to the immune response and its capacity for exploiting host-derived molecules. In this context, the CNS is deeply involved in modulating immune functions, either protective or pathogenic, and possibly in parasitic activity as well,viainteractions with evolutionarily conserved molecules such as growth factors, neuropeptides and hormones. This review presents available evidence on some examples of CNS parasitic infections inducing different morbi-mortality grades in low- or middle-income countries, to illustrate how the CNS microenvironment affect pathogen establishment, growth, survival and reproduction in immunocompetent hosts. A better understanding of the influence of the CNS microenvironment on neuroinfections may provide relevant insights into the mechanisms underlying these pathologies.

scholarly journals Host-Parasite Relationship in Cystic Echinococcosis: An Evolving Story

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Siracusano ◽  
Federica Delunardo ◽  
Antonella Teggi ◽  
Elena Ortona
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Human Cystic Echinococcosis

The larval stage ofEchinococcus granulosuscauses cystic echinococcosis, a neglected infectious disease that constitutes a major public health problem in developing countries. Despite being under constant barrage by the immune system,E. granulosusmodulates antiparasite immune responses and persists in the human hosts with detectable humoral and cellular responses against the parasite.In vitroandin vivoimmunological approaches, together with molecular biology and immunoproteomic technologies, provided us exciting insights into the mechanisms involved in the initiation ofE. granulosusinfection and the consequent induction and regulation of the immune response. Although the last decade has clarified many aspects of host-parasite relationship in human cystic echinococcosis, establishing the full mechanisms that cause the disease requires more studies. Here, we review some of the recent developments and discuss new avenues in this evolving story ofE. granulosusinfection in man.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of specificBordetella pertussissurface antigens in diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines

1988 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. Blaskett ◽  
John C. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Dtp Vaccine ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYThe predominant causative organism of whooping cough in Australia is of a serotype which has normally been associated overseas with unvaccinated communities. Australian DTP vaccines pass the statutory mouse test forBordetella pertussispotency but this test is now believed to be relatively insensitive to certain factors, especially the major type-specific agglutinogens, which are presumably also important in the human host-parasite relationship. Because endemicB. bronchisepticainfections make some laboratory animals unsatisfactory for testingB. pertussisagglutinin responses, we have developed a test in which young farm sheep were immunized with vaccines. Type-specific agglutinins in their sera were assayed after absorption of non-specific agglutinins by suspensions of selected bordetella strains. Three well-reputed European DTP vaccines and two recent batches of Australian DTP vaccine were tested and compared thus. All evoked significant agglutinin responses to the main agglutinogens.

Susceptibilities of Various Snail Intermediate Hosts of Schistosoma mansoni to Different Strains of the Parasite

1965 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F.A. Saoud
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Comprehensive Studies

In the past two decades, considerable evidence has accumulated in the literature about the differences in the susceptibility of various intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni to different strains of the parasite. Comprehensive studies on this aspect of host-parasite relationship have been published by Files & Cram (1949), Abdel-Malek (1950) and Files (1951). The results of more recent studies have been reported by Wright (1962) and Saoud (1964).In the present paper, the writer has studied the susceptibility of four intermediate hosts of S. mansoni from Brazil, Puerto Rico, Egypt and Tanganyika to some strains of the parasite.

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