scholarly journals Signatures of adaptation to plant parasitism in nematode genomes

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (S1) ◽  
pp. S71-S84 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID McK. BIRD ◽  
JOHN T. JONES ◽  
CHARLES H. OPPERMAN ◽  
TAISEI KIKUCHI ◽  
ETIENNE G. J. DANCHIN
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Parasitic Species ◽  
Plant Parasitism ◽  
Genomic Signatures ◽  
Global Agriculture ◽  
Parasitism Genes ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Nematode Genomes ◽  
Plant Parasitic

SUMMARYPlant-parasitic nematodes cause considerable damage to global agriculture. The ability to parasitize plants is a derived character that appears to have independently emerged several times in the phylum Nematoda. Morphological convergence to feeding style has been observed, but whether this is emergent from molecular convergence is less obvious. To address this, we assess whether genomic signatures can be associated with plant parasitism by nematodes. In this review, we report genomic features and characteristics that appear to be common in plant-parasitic nematodes while absent or rare in animal parasites, predators or free-living species. Candidate horizontal acquisitions of parasitism genes have systematically been found in all plant-parasitic species investigated at the sequence level. Presence of peptides that mimic plant hormones also appears to be a trait of plant-parasitic species. Annotations of the few genomes of plant-parasitic nematodes available to date have revealed a set of apparently species-specific genes on every occasion. Effector genes, important for parasitism are frequently found among those species-specific genes, indicating poor overlap. Overall, nematodes appear to have developed convergent genomic solutions to adapt to plant parasitism.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomics Reveals Novel Target Genes Towards Specific Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Grynberg ◽  
Roberto Coiti Togawa ◽  
Leticia Dias de Freitas ◽  
Jose Dijair Antonino ◽  
Corinne Rancurel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Novel Target ◽  
Nematode Genomes ◽  
Specific Control ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause expressive annual yield losses to worldwide agricultural production. Most cultivated plants have no known resistance against nematodes and the few bearing a resistance gene can be overcome by certain species. The chemical methods that have been deployed to control nematodes were largely banned from use due to their poor specificity and high toxicity. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development of cleaner and more specific control methods. Recent advances in nematode genomics, including in phytoparasitic species, provide an unprecedented opportunity to identify genes and functions specific to these pests. Using phylogenomics, we compared 61 nematode genomes, including 16 for plant-parasitic species and identified more than 24,000 protein families specific to these parasites. In the genome of Meloidogyne incognita, one of the most devastating plant parasites, we found ca. 10,000 proteins with orthologs restricted only to phytoparasitic species and no further homology in protein databases. Among these phytoparasites-specific proteins, ca. 1,000 shared the same properties as known secreted effectors involved in essential parasitic functions. Of those, 68 were novel and showed strong expression during the endophytic phase of the nematode life cycle, based on both RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses. Besides effector candidates, transcription-related and neuro-perception functions were enriched in phytoparasites-specific proteins, revealing interesting targets for nematode control methods. This phylogenomics analysis, constitutes an unprecedented resource for the further understanding of the genetic basis of nematode adaptation to phytoparasitism and for the development of more efficient control methods.

Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes as a model for other plant parasitic nematodes

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godelieve Gheysen ◽  
Jan De Meutter ◽  
Tom Tytgat ◽  
August Coomans
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitism ◽  
Severe Reduction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Plant Parasitic

AbstractPlant parasitic nematodes are known to cause a severe reduction in crop yield. Recently much effort is being put to engineering new nematode-resistant crop cultivars. Plant parasitic nematodes occur in three widely separated orders: Triplonchida, Dorylaimida and Tylenchida. All triplonchid and dorylaimid plant parasitic nematodes are migratory ectoparasites of roots. Within the Tylenchida, several different types of plant parasitism can be recognised. The sedentary endoparasites have the most complex interaction with their host, and are responsible for the vast majority of the agricultural damage. This causes most research to be concentrated on two groups of the sedentary endoparasitic nematodes: cyst- and root-knot nematodes. Both induce specialised feeding structures in the vascular cylinder of the plant root. The mechanism of phytoparasitism of the cyst- and root-knot nematodes is reviewed, of which some aspects will be applicable to the study of the other plant parasitic nematodes. Les nématodes parasites de plantes sont connus pour provoquer de sévères réductions dans les rendements des cultures. Actuellement, un effort se développe pour créer de nouveaux cultivars résistants aux nématodes. Les nématodes parasite de plantes appartiennent à trois ordres très éloignés: Triplonchida, Dorylaimida et Tylenchida. Tous les nématodes parasites de plantes chez les Triplonchida et Dorylaimida sont des ectoparasites migrateurs. Chez les Tylenchida, plusieurs types différents de parasitisme peuvent être identifiés. Les endoparasites sédentaires ont l’interaction la plus complexe avec leur hôte et sont responsables de la plus grande part des dégâts agricoles. C’est la raison pour laquelle la plupart des recherches sont concentrées sur deux groupes de nématodes endoparasites sédentaires, les nématodes à kystes et les nématodes galligènes. Ces deux groupes induisent des structures d’alimentation spécialisées dans les tissus vasculaires de la racine végétale. Le mécanisme parasitaire des nématodes à kystes et galligènes est revu, certaines de leurs caractéristiques pouvant être applicables à l’étude des autres nématodes phytoparasites.

scholarly journals An Approach to the Parasitism Genes of the Root Knot Nematode

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Ajit K. Ngangbam ◽  
Nongmaithem B. Devi
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Single Source ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Esophageal Gland ◽  
Parasitism Genes ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant parasitic nematodes which are highly successful parasites evolved a very specialized feeding relationship with the host plant to cause the destructive root-knot disease. They initiate their parasitic relationship with the host by releasing their secretions into root cells which in turn stimulate the root cells of the host to become specialized feeding cells which are considered as the single source of nutrients essential for the nematode's survival. The parasitism genes expressed in nematode's esophageal gland cells encode secretory proteins that are released through its stylet to direct the interactions of the nematode with its host plants.

Nematodes of agricultural importance in Israel

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 735-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Orion
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Parasitic Species ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Plant Parasitic

AbstractAlthough Israel is a small semi-arid country of only 20 000 sq. km, half of which is uncultivated desert, a broad spectrum of plant parasitic nematodes affects its crops. Cohn et al. (1973) listed over 100 plant parasitic species, 25 of which are pathogenic. The following short review tries to discuss this unique situation and the control measures taken to abate their damage.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomics Reveals Novel Target Genes towards Specific Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1347
Author(s):  
Priscila Grynberg ◽  
Roberto Coiti Togawa ◽  
Leticia Dias de Freitas ◽  
Jose Dijair Antonino ◽  
Corinne Rancurel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Novel Target ◽  
Nematode Genomes ◽  
Specific Control ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause extensive annual yield losses to worldwide agricultural production. Most cultivated plants have no known resistance against nematodes and the few bearing a resistance gene can be overcome by certain species. Chemical methods that have been deployed to control nematodes have largely been banned from use due to their poor specificity and high toxicity. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development of cleaner and more specific control methods. Recent advances in nematode genomics, including in phytoparasitic species, provide an unprecedented opportunity to identify genes and functions specific to these pests. Using phylogenomics, we compared 61 nematode genomes, including 16 for plant-parasitic species and identified more than 24,000 protein families specific to these parasites. In the genome of Meloidogyne incognita, one of the most devastating plant parasites, we found ca. 10,000 proteins with orthologs restricted only to phytoparasitic species and no further homology in protein databases. Among these phytoparasite-specific proteins, ca. 1000 shared the same properties as known secreted effectors involved in essential parasitic functions. Of these, 68 were novel and showed strong expression during the endophytic phase of the nematode life cycle, based on both RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses. Besides effector candidates, transcription-related and neuro-perception functions were enriched in phytoparasite-specific proteins, revealing interesting targets for nematode control methods. This phylogenomics analysis constitutes a unique resource for the further understanding of the genetic basis of nematode adaptation to phytoparasitism and for the development of more efficient control methods.

Targeting internal processes of plant-parasitic nematodes in the pursuit of novel agents for their control

Nematology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1001-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward P. Masler
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Global Agriculture ◽  
Plant Parasitic

The success of plant-parasitic nematodes as competitors with humans for crops is evidenced by the parasites’ significant and continuous economic drain on global agriculture. Scientific efforts dedicated to the control of plant-parasitic nematodes employ strategies from the environmental to molecular levels. Understanding the interaction of the nematode with its environment, and the molecules involved, offers great promise for novel control agent development. Perhaps more significantly, such knowledge facilitates the generation of ever more detailed and sophisticated information on nematode biology and new molecular targets. Among the most economically important groups of plant-parasitic nematodes are those comprising the cyst-forming species and the root-knot nematodes. Presented here is a brief overview of research into the biology of these parasites relative to their life cycles. Recent advances in elucidating the molecular biology and biochemistry of nematode-plant interactions during the internal parasitic stages of the life cycle have been driven by advances in genomics and transcriptomics. The remarkable discoveries regarding parasitism, and the application of genetic resources in these findings, provide a template for advanced investigation of external, survival stages biology. While survival biology research lags somewhat behind that of parasitism with regard to the molecular genetics of signalling and response, its extensive catalogue promises explosive rates of discovery as progress in genomics and transcriptomics allows a molecular genetic examination of embryogenesis, dormancy and hatching. Our group is interested in behaviour, development and hatching of cyst and root-knot nematodes, and the effects of the environment on the mechanisms of these activities. Phytochemical and temperature effects are discussed, and evidence is presented that the cyst may provide useful molecules for exploring nematode physiology.

Management of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Florida Cotton Production

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Zane Grabau
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Plant Parasitic

This 8-page fact sheet written by Zane J. Grabau and published in January 2017 by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology explains how to diagnose and manage nematode problems in cotton production.­http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ng015

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