scholarly journals Fronto-limbic-striatal dysfunction in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar disorder: impact of face emotion and attentional demands

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1639-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Brotman ◽  
W.-L. Tseng ◽  
A. K. Olsavsky ◽  
S. J. Fromm ◽  
E. J. Muhrer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Implicit Processing ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
Attentional Condition ◽  
Passive Viewing ◽  
The Face

BackgroundResearch in bipolar disorder (BD) implicates fronto-limbic-striatal dysfunction during face emotion processing but it is unknown how such dysfunction varies by task demands, face emotion and patient age.MethodDuring functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 181 participants, including 62 BD (36 children and 26 adults) and 119 healthy comparison (HC) subjects (57 children and 62 adults), engaged in constrained and unconstrained processing of emotional (angry, fearful, happy) and non-emotional (neutral) faces. During constrained processing, subjects answered questions focusing their attention on the face; this was processed either implicitly (nose width rating) or explicitly (hostility; subjective fear ratings). Unconstrained processing consisted of passive viewing.ResultsPediatric BD rated neutral faces as more hostile than did other groups. In BD patients, family-wise error (FWE)-corrected region of interest (ROI) analyses revealed dysfunction in the amygdala, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and putamen. Patients with BD showed amygdala hyperactivation during explicit processing (hostility ratings) of fearful faces and passive viewing of angry and neutral faces but IFG hypoactivation during implicit processing of neutral and happy faces. In the ACC and striatum, the direction of dysfunction varied by task demand: BD demonstrated hyperactivation during unconstrained processing of angry or neutral faces but hypoactivation during constrained processing (implicit or explicit) of angry, neutral or happy faces.ConclusionsFindings suggest amygdala hyperactivation in BD while processing negatively valenced and neutral faces, regardless of attentional condition, and BD IFG hypoactivation during implicit processing. In the cognitive control circuit involving the ACC and putamen, BD neural dysfunction was sensitive to task demands.

scholarly journals Choosing to view morbid information involves reward circuitry

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Oosterwijk ◽  
Lukas Snoek ◽  
Jurriaan Tekoppele ◽  
Lara H. Engelbert ◽  
H. Steven Scholte
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Negative Image ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Passive Viewing

Abstract People often seek out stories, videos or images that detail death, violence or harm. Considering the ubiquity of this behavior, it is surprising that we know very little about the neural circuits involved in choosing negative information. Using fMRI, the present study shows that choosing intensely negative stimuli engages similar brain regions as those that support extrinsic incentives and “regular” curiosity. Participants made choices to view negative and positive images, based on negative (e.g., a soldier kicks a civilian against his head) and positive (e.g., children throw flower petals at a wedding) verbal cues. We hypothesized that the conflicting, but relatively informative act of choosing to view a negative image, resulted in stronger activation of reward circuitry as opposed to the relatively uncomplicated act of choosing to view a positive stimulus. Indeed, as preregistered, we found that choosing negative cues was associated with activation of the striatum, inferior frontal gyrus, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex, both when contrasting against a passive viewing condition, and when contrasting against positive cues. These findings nuance models of decision-making, valuation and curiosity, and are an important starting point when considering the value of seeking out negative content.

scholarly journals Reduced Grey Matter Volume in Frontal and Temporal Areas in Depression: A Voxel Based Morphometry Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevdalina Kandilarova ◽  
Drozdstoy Stoyanov ◽  
Nickolay Sirakov ◽  
Michael Maes ◽  
Karsten Specht
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Voxel Based Morphometry

Objective: The aim of the current study was to examine whether and to what extent mood disorders, comprising major depression and bipolar disorder, are accompanied by structural changes in the brain as measured using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Methods: We have performed a VBM study using a 3Т MRI system (GE Discovery 750w) in patients with mood disorders (n=50), namely 39 with major depression and 11 with bipolar disorder, compared to 42 age, sex and education matched healthy controls. Results: Our results show that depression was associated with significant decreases in grey matter (GM) volume restricted to regions located in medial frontal and anterior cingulate cortex on the left side and middle frontal gyrus, medial orbital gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus (triangular and orbital parts), and middle temporal gyrus (extending to the superior temporal gyrus) on the right side. When the patient group was separated into bipolar disorder and major depression the reductions remained significant only for the patients with major depressive disorder. Conclusions: Using VBM the present study was able to replicate decreases in GM volume restricted to frontal and temporal regions in patients with mood disorders mainly major depression, as compared with healthy controls. 

scholarly journals Reduced grey matter volume in frontal and temporal areas in depression: contributions from voxel-based morphometry study

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (05) ◽  
pp. 252-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevdalina Kandilarova ◽  
Drozdstoy Stoyanov ◽  
Nickolay Sirakov ◽  
Michael Maes ◽  
Karsten Specht
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Voxel Based Morphometry

AbstractObjective:The aim of the current study was to examine whether and to what extent mood disorders, comprising major depression and bipolar disorder, are accompanied by structural changes in the brain as measured using voxel-based morphometry (VBM).Methods:We performed a VBM study using a 3Т MRI system (GE Discovery 750w) in patients with mood disorders (n=50), namely, 39 with major depression and 11 with bipolar disorder compared to 42 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls.Results:Our results show that depression was associated with significant decreases in grey matter (GM) volume of the regions located within the medial frontal and anterior cingulate cortex on the left side and middle frontal gyrus, medial orbital gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus (triangular and orbital parts) and middle temporal gyrus (extending to the superior temporal gyrus) on the right side. When the patient group was separated into bipolar disorder and major depression, the reductions remained significant only for patients with major depressive disorder.Conclusions:Using VBM the present study was able to replicate decreases in GM volume restricted to frontal and temporal regions in patients with mood disorders, mainly major depression, compared with healthy controls.

scholarly journals Neurostructural Correlates of Cannabis Use in Adolescent Bipolar Disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alysha A Sultan ◽  
Kody G Kennedy ◽  
Lisa Fiksenbaum ◽  
Bradley J MacIntosh ◽  
Benjamin I Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Healthy Control

Abstract Objective Little is known regarding the association of cannabis use with brain structure in adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD). This subject is timely, given expanded availability of cannabis contemporaneously with increased social acceptance and diminished societal constraints to access. Therefore, we set out to examine this topic in a sample of adolescents with BD and healthy control (HC) adolescents. Methods Participants included 144 adolescents (47 BD with cannabis use [BDCB+; including 13 with cannabis use disorder], 34 BD without cannabis use [BDCB-], 63 HC without cannabis use) ages 13-20 years. FreeSurfer-processed 3T MRI with T1-weighted contrast, yielded measures of cortical thickness, surface area (SA), and volume. Region of interest (ROI; amygdala, hippocampus, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex [vlPFC], ventromedial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC], and anterior cingulate cortex [ACC]), analyses and exploratory vertex-wise analysis were undertaken. A general linear model tested for between-group differences, accounting for age, sex, and intracranial volume. Results Vertex-wise analysis revealed significant group effects in frontal and parietal regions. In post-hoc analyses, BDCB+ exhibited larger volume and SA in parietal regions, and smaller thickness in frontal regions, relative to HC and BDCB-. BDCB- had smaller volume, SA and thickness in parietal and frontal regions relative to HC. There were no significant ROI findings after correcting for multiple comparisons. Conclusion This study found that cannabis use is associated with differences in regional brain structure among adolescents with BD. Future prospective studies are necessary to determine the direction of the observed association and to assess for dose effects.

scholarly journals Common and distinct patterns of intrinsic brain activity alterations in major depression and bipolar disorder: voxel-based meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaying Gong ◽  
Junjing Wang ◽  
Shaojuan Qiu ◽  
Pan Chen ◽  
Zhenye Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intrinsic Brain Activity

Abstract Identification of intrinsic brain activity differences and similarities between major depression (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) is necessary. However, results have not yet yielded consistent conclusions. A meta-analysis of whole-brain resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) studies that explored differences in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) between patients (including MDD and BD) and healthy controls (HCs) was conducted using seed-based d mapping software. Systematic literature search identified 50 studies comparing 1399 MDD patients and 1332 HCs, and 15 studies comparing 494 BD patients and 593 HCs. MDD patients displayed increased ALFF in the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) (including the medial orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC], anterior cingulate cortex [ACC]), bilateral insula extending into the striatum and left supramarginal gyrus and decreased ALFF in the bilateral cerebellum, bilateral precuneus, and left occipital cortex compared with HCs. BD showed increased ALFF in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral insula extending into the striatum, right SFG, and right superior temporal gyrus (STG) and decreased ALFF in the bilateral precuneus, left cerebellum (extending to the occipital cortex), left ACC, and left STG. In addition, MDD displayed increased ALFF in the left lingual gyrus, left ACC, bilateral precuneus/posterior cingulate gyrus, and left STG and decreased ALFF in the right insula, right mPFC, right fusiform gyrus, and bilateral striatum relative to BD patients. Conjunction analysis showed increased ALFF in the bilateral insula, mPFC, and decreased ALFF in the left cerebellum in both disorders. Our comprehensive meta-analysis suggests that MDD and BD show a common pattern of aberrant regional intrinsic brain activity which predominantly includes the insula, mPFC, and cerebellum, while the limbic system and occipital cortex may be associated with spatially distinct patterns of brain function, which provide useful insights for understanding the underlying pathophysiology of brain dysfunction in affective disorders, and developing more targeted and efficacious treatment and intervention strategies.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Covert Versus Overt Processing of Happy, Fearful and Sad Facial Expressions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 942
Author(s):  
Antonio Maffei ◽  
Jennifer Goertzen ◽  
Fern Jaspers-Fayer ◽  
Killian Kleffner ◽  
Paola Sessa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Voluntary Attention ◽  
Affective Content ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
The Face

Behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of the influence of task demands on the processing of happy, sad, and fearful expressions were investigated in a within-subjects study that compared a perceptual distraction condition with task-irrelevant faces (e.g., covert emotion task) to an emotion task-relevant categorization condition (e.g., overt emotion task). A state-of-the-art non-parametric mass univariate analysis method was used to address the limitations of previous studies. Behaviorally, participants responded faster to overtly categorized happy faces and were slower and less accurate to categorize sad and fearful faces; there were no behavioral differences in the covert task. Event-related potential (ERP) responses to the emotional expressions included the N170 (140–180 ms), which was enhanced by emotion irrespective of task, with happy and sad expressions eliciting greater amplitudes than neutral expressions. EPN (200–400 ms) amplitude was modulated by task, with greater voltages in the overt condition, and by emotion, however, there was no interaction of emotion and task. ERP activity was modulated by emotion as a function of task only at a late processing stage, which included the LPP (500–800 ms), with fearful and sad faces showing greater amplitude enhancements than happy faces. This study reveals that affective content does not necessarily require attention in the early stages of face processing, supporting recent evidence that the core and extended parts of the face processing system act in parallel, rather than serially. The role of voluntary attention starts at an intermediate stage, and fully modulates the response to emotional content in the final stage of processing.

Regional Intensive and Temporal Patterns of Functional MRI Activation Distinguishing Noxious and Innocuous Contact Heat

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 2183-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Moulton ◽  
M. L. Keaser ◽  
R. P. Gullapalli ◽  
J. D. Greenspan
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Nociceptive Response ◽  
Somatosensory Processing ◽  
Contact Heat ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Nociceptive Responses ◽  
Noxious Stimuli

Cortical responses to painful and nonpainful heat were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) region of interest analysis (ROI) of primary somatosensory cortex (S1), secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), anterior cingulate (ACC), supplementary motor area (SMA), insula, and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Previous studies indicated that innocuous and noxious stimuli of different modalities produce responses with different time courses in S1 and S2. The aim of this study was to 1) determine whether temporally distinct nociceptive blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) responses are evoked in multiple somatosensory processing cortical areas and 2) whether these responses discriminate small noxious stimulus intensity differences. Thirty-three subjects underwent fMRI scanning while receiving three intensities of thermal stimuli, ranging from innocuous warm (41°C) to 1°C below tolerance, applied to the dorsum of the left foot. Innocuous and noxious responses were distinguishable in contralateral S1, the mid-ACC, and SMA. The peak of the nociceptive response was temporally delayed from the innocuous response peak by 6–8 s. Responses to noxious but not to innocuous stimuli were observed in contralateral posterior insula. Responses to innocuous and noxious stimuli were not statistically different in contralateral S2. In contralateral S1 only, the nociceptive response could differentiate heat stimuli separated by 1°C. These results show that 1) multiple cortical areas have temporally distinguishable innocuous and noxious responses evoked by a painfully hot thermode, 2) the nociceptive processing properties vary across cortical regions, and 3) nociceptive responses in S1 discriminate between painful temperatures at a level unmatched in other cortical areas.

Accelerated cortical thinning and volume reduction over time in young people at high genetic risk for bipolar disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
G. Roberts ◽  
R. Lenroot ◽  
B. Overs ◽  
J. Fullerton ◽  
V. Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Volume Reduction ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Longitudinal Change ◽  
Frontal Pole ◽  
Cortical Thinning

Abstract Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is a familial psychiatric disorder associated with frontotemporal and subcortical brain abnormalities. It is unclear whether such abnormalities are present in relatives without BD, and little is known about structural brain trajectories in those at risk. Method Neuroimaging was conducted at baseline and at 2-year follow-up interval in 90 high-risk individuals with a first-degree BD relative (HR), and 56 participants with no family history of mental illness who could have non-BD diagnoses. All 146 subjects were aged 12–30 years at baseline. We examined longitudinal change in gray and white matter volume, cortical thickness, and surface area in the frontotemporal cortex and subcortical regions. Results Compared to controls, HR participants showed accelerated cortical thinning and volume reduction in right lateralised frontal regions, including the inferior frontal gyrus, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, frontal pole and rostral middle frontal gyrus. Independent of time, the HR group had greater cortical thickness in the left caudal anterior cingulate cortex, larger volume in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex and greater area of right accumbens, compared to controls. This pattern was evident even in those without the new onset of psychopathology during the inter-scan interval. Conclusions This study suggests that differences previously observed in BD are developing prior to the onset of the disorder. The pattern of pathological acceleration of cortical thinning is likely consistent with a disturbance of molecular mechanisms responsible for normal cortical thinning. We also demonstrate that neuroanatomical differences in HR individuals may be progressive in some regions and stable in others.

scholarly journals Increased Cerebral Blood Flow Associated with Better Response Inhibition in Bipolar Disorder

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheena I. Dev ◽  
Benjamin S. McKenna ◽  
Ashley N. Sutherland ◽  
David D. Shin ◽  
Thomas T. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Inhibition Performance

AbstractImpairment on inhibitory tasks has been well documented in bipolar disorder (BD). Differences in cerebral blood flow (CBF) between BD patients and healthy comparison (HC) participants have also been reported. Few studies have examined the relationship between cognitive performance and regional CBF in this patient population. We hypothesized that group differences on an inhibitory task (the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Scale’s Color-Word Inhibition task) would be associated with differential CBF in bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) regions. Whole brain resting CBF was measured using Multiphase Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin Labeling MR imaging for 28 euthymic BD and 36 HC participants. Total gray matter (GM) CBF was measured, and regional CBF values were extracted for each region of interest (ROI) using Freesurfer-based individual parcellations. Group, CBF, and group-by-CBF interaction were examined as predictors of inhibition performance. Groups did not differ in age, gender or education. BD patients performed significantly worse on Color-Word inhibition. There were no significant group differences in CBF in either total GM or in any ROI. There was a group by CBF interaction in the bilateral ACC, right IPL and right DLPFC such that better inhibitory performance was generally associated with higher resting state CBF in BD subjects, but not HC participants. Although CBF was not abnormal in this euthymic BD sample, results confirm previous reports of inter-episode inhibitory deficits and indicate that the perfusion-cognition relationship is different in BD compared to HC individuals. (JINS, 2015, 21, 105–115)

scholarly journals Choosing to view morbid information involves reward circuitry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Oosterwijk ◽  
Lukas Snoek ◽  
Jurriaan Tekoppele ◽  
Lara Engelbert ◽  
H. Steven Scholte
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Negative Image ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Passive Viewing

AbstractPeople often seek out stories, videos or images that detail death, violence or harm. Considering the ubiquity of this behavior, it is surprising that we know very little about the neural circuits involved in choosing negative information. Here we show that choosing intensely negative stimuli engages similar brain regions as those that support extrinsic incentives and “regular” curiosity. Participants made choices to view negative and positive images, based on negative (e.g., a soldier kicks a civilian against his head) and positive (e.g., children throw flower petals at a wedding) verbal cues. We hypothesized that the conflicting, but relatively informative act of choosing to view a negative image, resulted in stronger activation of reward circuitry as opposed to the relatively uncomplicated act of choosing to view a positive stimulus. Indeed, as preregistered, we found that choosing negative cues was associated with activation of the striatum, inferior frontal gyrus, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex, both when contrasting against a passive viewing condition, and when contrasting against positive cues. These findings nuance models of decision-making, valuation and curiosity, and are an important starting point when considering the value of seeking out negative content.

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