scholarly journals Possible Effects of Ozone Depletion on the Global Carbon Cycle

Radiocarbon ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 772-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsung-Hung Peng
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Antarctic Ocean ◽  
Box Models ◽  
Marine Productivity ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Global Oceans ◽  
Global Carbon

The increase of UV-B radiation resulting from ozone depletion is considered to have damaging effects on marine ecosystems. A cutback of marine productivity would tend to reduce the oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2. Box models of the global oceans based on the distribution of bomb-produced 14C are used to evaluate the possible effects of ozone depletion on the atmospheric CO2 concentration. The maximum effect presumably takes place if the ozone hole reduces the marine productivity to zero in the Antarctic Ocean. In a business-as-usual scenario of future CO2 emissions, the atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) would increase by an additional 37 μatm over the course of the next century. This increase corresponds to 4.6% of the projected atmospheric pCO2 in the year 2090. However, if the damaging effect caused by the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer is assumed to lower the productivity over the Antarctic Ocean by 10%, the atmospheric pCO2 would rise by less than 3 μatm over the expected atmospheric level in the next century.

scholarly journals Impacts of Interactive Stratospheric Chemistry on Antarctic and Southern Ocean Climate Change in the Goddard Earth Observing System, Version 5 (GEOS-5)

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 3199-3218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Li ◽  
Yury V. Vikhliaev ◽  
Paul A. Newman ◽  
Steven Pawson ◽  
Judith Perlwitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
Stratospheric Chemistry ◽  
Earth Observing System ◽  
Antarctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract Stratospheric ozone depletion plays a major role in driving climate change in the Southern Hemisphere. To date, many climate models prescribe the stratospheric ozone layer’s evolution using monthly and zonally averaged ozone fields. However, the prescribed ozone underestimates Antarctic ozone depletion and lacks zonal asymmetries. This study investigates the impact of using interactive stratospheric chemistry instead of prescribed ozone on climate change simulations of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean. Two sets of 1960–2010 ensemble transient simulations are conducted with the coupled ocean version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, version 5: one with interactive stratospheric chemistry and the other with prescribed ozone derived from the same interactive simulations. The model’s climatology is evaluated using observations and reanalysis. Comparison of the 1979–2010 climate trends between these two simulations reveals that interactive chemistry has important effects on climate change not only in the Antarctic stratosphere, troposphere, and surface, but also in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic sea ice. Interactive chemistry causes stronger Antarctic lower stratosphere cooling and circumpolar westerly acceleration during November–January. It enhances stratosphere–troposphere coupling and leads to significantly larger tropospheric and surface westerly changes. The significantly stronger surface wind stress trends cause larger increases of the Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation, leading to year-round stronger ocean warming near the surface and enhanced Antarctic sea ice decrease.

scholarly journals Polar stratospheric clouds initiated by mountain waves in a global chemistry–climate model: a missing piece in fully modelling polar stratospheric ozone depletion

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 12483-12497
Author(s):  
Andrew Orr ◽  
J. Scott Hosking ◽  
Aymeric Delon ◽  
Lars Hoffmann ◽  
Reinhold Spang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
Mountain Waves ◽  
Cooling Phase ◽  
Stratospheric Clouds ◽  
Ice Water ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. An important source of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), which play a crucial role in controlling polar stratospheric ozone depletion, is the temperature fluctuations induced by mountain waves. These enable stratospheric temperatures to fall below the threshold value for PSC formation in regions of negative temperature perturbations or cooling phases induced by the waves even if the synoptic-scale temperatures are too high. However, this formation mechanism is usually missing in global chemistry–climate models because these temperature fluctuations are neither resolved nor parameterised. Here, we investigate in detail the episodic and localised wintertime stratospheric cooling events produced over the Antarctic Peninsula by a parameterisation of mountain-wave-induced temperature fluctuations inserted into a 30-year run of the global chemistry–climate configuration of the UM-UKCA (Unified Model – United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosol) model. Comparison of the probability distribution of the parameterised cooling phases with those derived from climatologies of satellite-derived AIRS brightness temperature measurements and high-resolution radiosonde temperature soundings from Rothera Research Station on the Antarctic Peninsula shows that they broadly agree with the AIRS observations and agree well with the radiosonde observations, particularly in both cases for the “cold tails” of the distributions. It is further shown that adding the parameterised cooling phase to the resolved and synoptic-scale temperatures in the UM-UKCA model results in a considerable increase in the number of instances when minimum temperatures fall below the formation temperature for PSCs made from ice water during late austral autumn and early austral winter and early austral spring, and without the additional cooling phase the temperature rarely falls below the ice frost point temperature above the Antarctic Peninsula in the model. Similarly, it was found that the formation potential for PSCs made from ice water was many times larger if the additional cooling is included. For PSCs made from nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles it was only during October that the additional cooling is required for temperatures to fall below the NAT formation temperature threshold (despite more NAT PSCs occurring during other months). The additional cooling phases also resulted in an increase in the surface area density of NAT particles throughout the winter and early spring, which is important for chlorine activation. The parameterisation scheme was finally shown to make substantial differences to the distribution of total column ozone during October, resulting from a shift in the position of the polar vortex.

scholarly journals Stratospheric ozone chemistry in the Antarctic: what controls the lowest values that can be reached and their recovery?

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 22173-22198
Author(s):  
J.-U. Grooß ◽  
K. Brautzsch ◽  
R. Pommrich ◽  
S. Solomon ◽  
R. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Lagrangian Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Catalytic Ozone ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Abstract. Balloon-borne observations of ozone from Antarctic stations have been reported to reach ozone mixing ratios as low as about 10 ppbv at the 70 hPa level by late September. After reaching a minimum, ozone mixing ratios then increase to the ppmv level by late December. While the basic mechanisms causing the ozone hole have been known for more than 20 yr, the detailed chemical processes controlling how low the local concentration can fall, and how it recovers from the minimum have not been explored so far. Both of these aspects are investigated here by analysing results from the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). We discuss the processes responsible for stopping of the catalytic ozone depletion. We show that an irreversible chlorine deactivation into HCl can occur either when ozone drops to very low values or by temperatures increasing above the PSC threshold in these simulations. As a consequence, the timing and mixing ratio of the minimum depends sensitively on model parameters including the ozone initialisation. The subsequent observed ozone increase between October and December is linked not only to transport, but also to photochemical ozone production, caused by oxygen photolysis and by the oxidation of carbon monoxide and methane.

Polar ozone depletion: Current status

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 1110-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Henderson ◽  
J. C. McConnell ◽  
S. R. Beagley ◽  
W. F. J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
High Latitude ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Austral Spring ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Polar Ozone

Rapid springtime depletion of column ozone (O3) is observed over the Antarctic during the austral spring. A much weaker springtime depletion is observed in the Arctic region. This depletion results from a complex chemical mechanism that involves the catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone by chlorine. The chemical mechanism appears to operate between ~12–25 km in the colder regions of the polar winter vortices. During the polar night heterogeneous chemical reactions occur on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds that convert relatively inert reservoir Cl species such as HCl to active Cl species. These clouds form when temperatures drop below about 197 K and are ubiquitous throughout the polar winter region. At polar sunrise the reactive Cl species are photolysed, liberating large quantities of free Cl that subsequently catalytically destroys O3 with a mechanism involving the formation of the Cl2O2 dimer. The magnitude of the spring depletion is much greater in the Antarctic relative to the Arctic owing to the greater stability and longer duration of the southern polar vortex. Breakup of the intense high-latitude vortices in late (Antarctic) or early (Arctic) spring results in infilling of the ozone holes but adversely affects midlatitude ozone levels by diluting them with O3-depleted, ClO-rich high-latitude air. The magnitude of the Antarctic ozone depletion has been increasing since 1979 and its current depletion in October 1990 amounts to 60%. The increase in the size of the depletion is anticorrelated with increasing anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) release. Adherence to the revised Montréal Protocol should result in a reduction of stratospheric halogen levels with subsequent amelioration of polar ozone depletion but the time constant for the atmosphere to return to pre-CFC levels is ~60–100 years.

scholarly journals PSCs initiated by mountain waves in a global chemistry-climate model: A missing piece in fully modelling polar stratospheric ozone depletion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Orr ◽  
J. Scott Hosking ◽  
Aymeric Delon ◽  
Lars Hoffmann ◽  
Reinhold Spang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
Mountain Waves ◽  
Cooling Phase ◽  
Ice Water ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. An important source of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), which play a crucial role in controlling polar stratospheric ozone depletion, is from the temperature fluctuations induced by mountain waves. These enable stratospheric temperatures to fall below the threshold value for PSC formation in regions of negative temperature perturbations or cooling-phases induced by the waves even if the synoptic-scale temperatures are too high. However, this formation mechanism is usually missing in global chemistry–climate models because these temperature fluctuations are neither resolved nor parameterised. Here, we investigate in detail the episodic and localised wintertime stratospheric cooling events produced over the Antarctic Peninsula by a parameterisation of mountain-wave-induced temperature fluctuations inserted into a 30-year run of the global chemistry-climate configuration of the UM-UKCA (Unified Model – United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosol) model. Comparison of the probability distribution of the parameterised cooling-phases with those derived from climatologies of satellite-derived AIRS brightness temperature measurements and high-resolution radiosonde temperature soundings from Rothera Research Station on the Antarctic Peninsula shows that they broadly agree with the AIRS-observations and agree well with the radiosonde-observations, particularly in both cases for the “cold tails” of the distributions. It is further shown that adding the parameterised cooling-phase to the resolved/synoptic-scale temperatures in the UM-UKCA model results in a considerable increase in the number of instances when minimum temperatures fall below the formation temperature for PSCs made from ice water during late austral autumn/early austral winter and early austral spring, and without the additional cooling-phase the ice frost point is rarely exceeded above the Antarctic Peninsula in the model. Similarly, it was found that the formation potential for PSCs made from ice water was many times larger if the additional cooling is included. For PSCs made from NAT particles it was only during October that the additional cooling is required for the NAT temperature threshold to be exceeded (despite more NAT PSCs occurring during other months). The additional cooling-phases also resulted in an increase in the surface area density of NAT particles throughout the winter and early spring, which is important for chlorine activation. The parameterisation scheme was finally shown to make substantial differences to the distribution of total column ozone during October, resulting from a shift in the position of the polar vortex.

Rapid motion of the 1989 Arctic ozone crater as viewed with TOMS data

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 1087-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Bunn ◽  
F. W. Thirkettle ◽  
W. F. J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
The Antarctic

The data from the NIMBUS-7 TOMS instrument were used to study the Arctic ozone layer in late winter and spring, 1989. This paper presents an analysis of TOMS total ozone values, to produce a picture of the morphology of the Arctic stratospheric ozone crater in winter–spring 1989. The Arctic crater formed in late January when the vortex moved off the pole to over Scandinavia. The TOMS data clearly show the Arctic ozone-crater feature over Scandinavia and the western Soviet Union, on February 2, 1989. It later moved south to Baffin Island and then, in March, down over Toronto, and eventually to western Canada, near Edmonton. A similar, unexpected, crater was present in the Antarctic fall, on March 15, 1989. This phenomenon is mainly produced by dynamic uplift, but there may be ozone depletion occurring as well owing to reduced temperatures.

Recovery of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Anisakidae) larvae from codfish of the Antarctic Ocean

1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Y Chai ◽  
S M Guk ◽  
J J Sung ◽  
H C Kim ◽  
Y M Park
Keyword(s):  
Antarctic Ocean ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens ◽  
The Antarctic
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